"r^.^'Mjif*'   /^'^^^'^       <^^i^^    ^  P'^^-2^       '^■UjlA^ 


U^ 


«u. 


*t^xxJi, 


*^ 


>^ 


<2--. 


^ 


1/ 


I  ' 


>4.--^  /^^^  /^"^^ 


-^-^        ^^^(^^/oy^ 


New  Edition  of  1882 


A 


L'ATIN    PEIMEE 

Introductory  to  Giluersleeve's  Latin"  Series 
B.    L.    GILDERSLE^VE,    Ph.D.    (Gott.),    LL.D., 

PUOFESSOa  OP  GREEK  IX  THE  JOHNS  IIOPKIXS  UNIVEIJPITY,  BALTIMOItE  ; 
LATE  PIlOFESSOIl  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  OP  VIRGINIA 

RKVISED   BY  THE  AUTHOR  AND 

CHAPMAN    MAUPIN,    M.A., 

PBOrESSOB  OF  LATIN  AND  GBEEK  IN  THE  BALTIMOBE  CITV  COLLEQK 


uZoA/^z^/j 


UNIYEfiSia^Y-P^^BtlSfffNG   COMPANY 
lft2 


/§,;    //C^    a>..   .  -  '^ 


(JU^ 


Ct 


■H-c  t    ;^  /  i     f 


/^"^     <2>-lC  C>^^  '  ^  , 

1875,-1882,  ' 

Br  UNIVERSITY  PUBLISHING  COMPANY. 


***608 


GIFT 


PKEFACE. 


Maximum  of  Forms,  Minimum  of  Syntax,  Early  Contact 
with  the  Language  in  Mass — these  are  the  principles  which 
have  guided  me  in  the  construction  of  the  Primer,  and  prac- 
tical famiharity  with  the  needs  of  beginners  in  a  kindred  de- 
partment convinces  me  that  the  principles  are  correct,  how- 
ever faulty  the  application  may  be. 

These  closing  words  of  the  Preface  to  the  first  edition  of 
this  little  book  may  fitly  open  the  Preface  of  the  revision.  The 
principles  of  the  old  Primer  are  the  principles  of  the  new. 
Though  I  have  had  little  opportunity  of  putting  the  Primer 
to  a  practical  test  in  my  own  instruction,  I  have  not  only  had 
the  advantage  of  frank  criticism  from  competent  scholars, 
but  I  have  associated  with  myself  an  experienced  and  observ- 
ant teacher  of  Latin,  who  has  used  the  Primer  for  years,  and 
who  has  abundantly  made  up  for  my  lack  of  personal  acquaint- 
ance with  the  difficulties  which  beginners  have  found  in  the 
style  and  method  of  the  first  edition.  We  have  tried  to  sim- 
plify the  expression,  to  reduce  the  bulk  of  the  material,  and 
to  distribute  the  exercises  of  the  Primer  in  accordance  with 
the  needs  of  young  students  ;  and  if  these  modifications  should 
give  the  Primer  new  life  and  extended  usefulness,  the  result 
will  be  due  in  large  measure  to  the  suggestions,  the  criticisms, 
and  the  faithful  and  active  help  of  Professor  Maupin. 

B.  L.  GILDERSLEEVE. 
Baltimore,  July,  1883. 

!       718 


OONTEKTS. 


PART   I. 


I. 

Pronunciation 7 

II. 

Classification  of  Words.    10 

III. 

Nouns,  Genders,  Cases.     12 

IV. 

Tiie  Declensions 15 

V. 

First  Declension 16 

VI. 

Second  Declension 18 

VII. 
Second  Declension  (con- 
tinued)      20 

VIII. 
Declension    of     Adjec- 
tives     in     -us,     -a, 
-urn 21 


IX. 

Subject  —  Predicate- 
Verb  Sum 22 

X. 
Conjugations    —    First 

Conjugation  26 

XI. 
Third  Declension— Liq- 
uid Stems 31 

XII. 
Liquid    Stems    (contin- 
ued)     35 

XIII. 

Second  Conjugation 37 

XIV. 
Sibilant  Stems  of  Third 

Declension 42 

XV. 
Third  Conjugation 44 


XVI. 

Mnte    Stems    of   Third 

Declension 49 

XVII. 
Vowel   Stems  of  Third 

Declension 52 

XVIII. 
Adjectives  of  Third  De- 
clension      56 

XIX. 
Comparison    of   Adjec- 
tives      58 

XX. 

Fourth  Dcclen.'^ion 63 

XXI. 

Fifth  Declen.sion 65 

XXII. 
Fourth  Con j  ugation 66 


XXITL 

Review  of  First  and  Sec- 
ond Declensions 70 

XXIV. 
Conjugation   of  Sum- 
First         Conjugation 

(finished) 72 

XXV. 
Syntax  of  the  Subjunc- 
tive Mood 76 

XXVL 
Pronouns—  Subjunctive 
Mood  (continued)..  .     79 
XXVII. 
Subjunctive  Mood  (con- 
tinued)      81 

XXVIII. 

Second  Conjugal  ion 83 

XXIX. 
Second         Conjugation 

(continued)    87 

XXX. 
Third         Declension  — 

Rules  of  Gender 89 

XXXL 

Prepositions 92 

XXXIL 
Third         Declension  — 
Third        Conjugation 
(reviewed) 94 

4 


PART    II. 

XXXIIL 

Third       Conjugation  — 
Formation  of  Perfect.    96 
XXXIV. 

Third  Conjugation  — 
Formation  of  Perfect 
(concluded) 102 

XXXV. 

Third        Conjugation— 

Pa.ssive. 105 

XXXVI. 
Change     of     Conjuga- 
tions   109 

XXXVII. 
Fourth  Conjugation 111 

XXXVIIL 

Pronouns 113 

XXXIX. 
Pronouns  (continued)..  116 

XL. 
Pronouns  (continued)..  118 

XLI. 

Pronouns  (continued)..  120 

XLII. 

Questions 1.22 

XLI  1 1. 

Deponent  Verbs 124 

XLIV. 
Imperative 129 


XLV. 

Adverbs 131 

XLVI. 

Numerals 134 

XLVII. 
Numerals  (continued)..  137 

XLvin. 

Irregular  Verbs 139 

XLIX. 
Whither  ?       Whence  ? 

Where  ? 145 

L. 
Accusative  and   "infini- 
tive—Relative  Clauses  148 
LL 

Sentences  of  Result 151 

LII. 

Supine  Stems 154 

LIU. 

Infinitive 158 

LIV. 

Gerund  and  Gerundive.  159 

LV. 

Ablative  Absolute 162 

Reading  Lessons 166 

Latin-English    Vocabu- 
lary   181 

English  Latin   Vocabu- 
lary   199 


LATIN    PRIMER 


PAET  1. 

I.  PRONUNCIATION. 

1.  Alphabet :  The  Latin  alphabet  is  the  same  as  the 
English,  except  that  it  has  no  W. 

2.  Vowels :  The  vowels  are  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  and  (in  Greek 
words  only)  y  ;  and  are  divided  into  : 

long,  .........  — 

short, w- 

common,  i.  e.,  sometimes  sho7't,  and  sometimes  lon(/,  ^^ 

"  long,     **  "  short,  ^z:^ 

^T"  In  this  book  the  long  and  common  vowels  are  marked,  the  short  only  when  there 
is  special  reason. 

3.  Sounds  of  the  Vowels:* 

a     =     a    in  father.  6     =r     o    in    bone. 

e     =     e    in  prey.  u     =     oo  in    moon. 

I     =    i     in  capr/ce.  y    =     u    in    s^r  (French). 

Remarks. — 1.  Y  is  made  by  putting  the  mouth  in  the  oo  position  and 
saying  ee. 
2.  The  short  sounds  are  only  less  prolonged  in  pronunciation  than  the 

*  English  Method  :  The  letters  are  sounded  as  in  English,  for  instance  :  c  is  pro- 
nounced as  8  before  e,  i,  y,  ae  and  oe  ;  elsewhere  like  k. 
Exceptions  :  I.  Final  a  is  pronounced  like  a  in  ah. 
Other  final  vowels  have  the  long  eound. 

II.  Es  final  is  pronounced  as  in  sees. 

III.  Os  at  the  end  of  plural  words  is  pronounced  as  in  dose. 

IV.  Ch  has  the  sound  of  k. 

V.  G  has  the  sound  of^'  before  e,  i,  y,  ae  and  oe. 

5 


LATIN    PRIMER. 


long  sounds,  and  have  no  exact  English  equivalents.      P«rt,  pet,  pit, 
obey,  cook,  may  serve  for  the  shorts.     The  short  y  =  u  in  swr  (Fr.). 


Exercise. 

1.          a: 

da,     fla,     sta. 

0  :     do. 

no,     sto. 

e  : 

de,     fie,     ne. 

11  :     tu, 

nil,     rii. 

i  : 

mi,     ni,      si. 

y:    my. 

ny,    gry. 

a  and  a  : 

ca-lo,     ca-lo ; 

ca-no,  ca-no  ; 

ca-ro,     ca-ro. 

e  and  e  : 

le-go,     le-go  ; 

ve-ni,   ye-ni ; 

se-de,     se-de. 

i  and   i  : 

ni-si,      ni-si  ; 

si-tis,    si-tis  ; 

fi-de,      fi-de. 

0  and  6 : ' 

'  ro-sa,     ro-sa ; 

no-to,  jS"o-to  ; 

mo-le,    mo-le. 

u  and  u  : 

u-ter,     ii-ter ; 

fu-ris,  fu-ris  ; 

tii-ber,  tu-ber. 

f  and  y  :     Ty-ro,    Ty-ro  ;   Hy-le,  Hy-lax;  Ly-dus,  ly-ra. 
4.  iyiphtho7i(/s  {doifble  sounds) : 

ae    and    oe  =  ae    in  Graeme  or  a  in  fame, 

au  =  ou    in  our. 

ei  =:  ei     in  f e*nt  (drawled  as  if  fay-eenf). 

eu  =  eu    in  Spanish  dewda  =  thay-oo-thah, 

ui  =  oui  in  French  oui  (more  whistled  than  w;e). 

j(J®=-  Many  echolara  prefer  to  pronounce  ae  like  English  i,  oe  nearly  like  English  oi. 
Oe  is  seldom  found  in  Latin  words  according  to  the  approved  spelling. 

Exercise. 

ae  :  ae-ris ;  fae-nnm  ;  glae-ba  ;  bae-res  ;  lae-na  ;  mae-stus. 

oe  :  foe-dus  ;  coe-pit ;  moe-ni-a  ;  proe-li-nm. 

au :  cau-sa  ;  f au-stus  ;  lau-do  ;  plau-sus  ;  nau-ta  ;  tau-rus. 

ei  :  ei  ;  heia. 

eu  :  lieus  ;  eheu. 

ui :  cui,  hui. 

^.  Consonants :  The  consonants  are  sounded  as  in 
English,  with  the  following  exceptions : 

C  is  hard  throughout  =  k. 

Ch  is  not  a  genuine  Latin  sound.     In  Latin  words  it  is  a  k;  in  Greek 
words  a  kh ;  commonly  pronounced  as  ch  in  German  (an  aspirated  h). 


PRONUKCIATIOK. 

O  is  hard  throughout,  as  in  get,  give. 

J  has  the  sound  ofay;  jam  =  yam. 

N  has  a  guttural  nasal  sound  before  c,  g,  q,  as  in  aTichor,  awguish. 

Qu  =  kw  (nearly)  ;  before  u,  qu  =  c :  equus  =  ecus. 

R  must  be  trilled. 

S  and  X  are  always  hard,  as  in  hiss,  aa:e. 

T  is  hard  throughout. 

V  was  nearer  our  w  than  our  v;  still  nearer  the  French  om  in  oui. 

Z  is  like  dz  in  a^^e. 


Exercise. 

c  :    cae-do  ;  cae-lum  ;  ce-do,  cS-d5  ;  ci-mex  ;  ci-nis  ;  cip-pus. 
ch  :  1.  Grac-chus  ;  pul-cher.     2.  Cha-ron  ;  chae-re  ;  Clii-lo. 
g  :    ge-lu  ;  gc-nu  ;  ge-rO  ;  ge-stum  ;  gib-bus  ;  a-git. 
j  :     Ja-nus  ;  je-cur  ;  jo-cus  ;  ju-ba  ;  ju-ris  ;  ju-gum. 
n  :    1.  An-des  :  in-de  ;  con-do  ;  an-te  ;  men-te ;  mon-te. 

2.  An-cus  ;  an-ceps ;  an-go  ;  rin-gor  ;  an-xius  ;  pin-xi. 
qu  :  1.  qua,  qua  ;  quae,  que  ;  qui  ;  quo,  quo-que. 

2.  e-quus  ;  ob-li-quus  ;  an-ti-quus. 
r  :    ra-do  ;  ra-na  ;  ra-rus  ;  re-mus  ;  Ro-ma  ;  ru-dis. 

a-ro  ;  fe-ro  ;  ge-ro  ;  se-ro  ;  o-ro  ;  u-ro. 

cal-car  ;  ju-bar  ;  ef-fer  ;  pu-er  ;  a-mor  ;  fur-fur. 
s  :    as  ;  aes  ;  pes  ;  os,  os  ;  lis,  cis  ;  jus,  mus. 

le-ges  ;  so-les  ;  ma-nes  ;  mo-res  ;  pul-tes  ;  u-sus. 
X  :    pax,  fax ;  rex,  grex  ;  yix,  nix  ;  vox,  nox  ;  lux,  crux, 
t :     1.  tu-ba  ;  tu-ber,  tu-ber  ;  tu-li ;  tu-met ;  tu-to. 

2.  na-ti-o,  ra-ti-o  ;  i-ti-o  ;  ti-li-o  ;  no-ti-o;  po-ti-o. 
V  :    1.  ya-nus  ;  Ve-nus  ;  vi-num. 

2.  a-vus,  ae-vum  ;  no-vus. 
z  :     ga-za ;  zo-na. 

f>.  Sf/7I aides :    A  syllable  {taking  up)  is  as  much  of  a 

word  as  we  take  up  in  calling  it ;  it  is  the  unit  of  pronun- 
ciation, and  consists  of  a  vowel,  or  a  vowel  and  one  or 
more  consonants. 


8  LATIIsT   PRIMER. 

A  consonant,  between  two  vowels,  belongs  to  the  second: 
a-mo,  Hove, 

Two  or  more  consonants  belong  to  the  following  vowel : 
a-sper,  rough;  fau-stus,  lucky;  li-bri,  boohs. 

Exceptions. — 1.  L,  m,  n,  r  join  the  preceding  vowel  :  al-mus,  foster- 
ing;  am-bQ,  hoth ;  an-guis,  snake;  ar-bor,  tree;  but  mn  follows  the 
general  rule  :  a-mnis,  river.     L,  m,  n,  r  are  called  liquids, 

2.  When  the  consonant  is  doubled,  the  first  belongs  to  the  first,  the 
second  to  the  second  syllable  :  cas-sis,  helmet ;  al-lium,  garlic ;  map-pa, 
napkin  ;  an-nus,  year  ;  mit-to,  I  send. 

3.  Compounds  are  treated  as  if  their  parts  were  separate  words  :  ab-ig5, 
I  drive  off ;  res-publica,  commonwealth. 

The  last  syllable  of  a  word  is  called  the  ultima ;  the 
next  to  the  last,  the  penult ;  the  one  before  the  penult, 
the  ante-penult. 

Exercise. 

Divide  into  Syllables : 

1.  asinus — misera — famulus — venator  —  ciconia  —  liberavit 
— auricula — tribuetis — societates — animalia. 

2.  fabrum — sacrum — agrum — vesperascit — vestigia — luctaii 
— suspirium  —  benignus  —  f  rustra — patrem  —  f  ractus  — 
Tgnominia — quiesco. 

3.  altera — Vulcanus — philtrum — tempestas — monstrabo  — 
longitudo — moribundus — vehementer — ursus  —  superbus 
— ^fortitudine — Alcmena—contemnis— damnum — omnes. 

4.  accipiter — addictus — affero — agger — alludo — ammentum 
annuo — appello— arrodo — altissimus — sagitta. 

J^"  At  first  the  teacher  must  point  out  parts  of  compounds,  as  :   abs-condo,  abs- 
traho,  dis-cordia,  HellSs-pontus,  trans-eo. 

7.  Quantity  of  Syllables : 

EuLE  I. — A  syllable  is  said  to  be  long  hy  nature  when  it 
contains  a  long  vowel  or  diphthong ;  o,  vae,  le-g6s,  sae-vae. 

Remaek. — Every  vowel  sound  followed  by  j  is  long. 


QUANTITY   OF   SYLLABLES.  9 

Rule  II. — A  syllable  is  said  to  be  long  Jry  position  wlien 
a  short  vowel  is  followed  by  two  or  more  consonants,  or 
a  double  consonant :  rtrs,  col-lum,  di-sc5,  ca-stra. 

Rule  III. — A  syllable  ending  in  a  short  vowel  before  a 
mute,  followed  by  1  or  r,  is  common :  tene-brae. 

The  mutes  are :  p,     b,     f , 
c,     g, 
t,     d. 

The  Latin  groups  are  : 

pr,  br,  fr;  cr,  gr;  tr,  dr;  pi,  fl;  cl,  gl. 

Remarks. — 1.  The  syllabic  must  end  in  a  short  vowel  :  navf-fragus, 
melli-fluus  ;  but  a  b-rumpo,  6  b-liviscor  ;  in  pu-blicus,  the  only  bl^  u  is 
long  by  nature. 

2.  In  Greek  words,  m  and  n  are  included  under  this  rule  :  Te-cmessa, 
Oy-cnus ;  and  other  groups  occur. 

Rule  IV. — Diphthongs,  vowels  derived  from  a  diph- 
thong, and  vowels  contracted  from  other  vowels,  are  long  : 
876V113,  concl/7do  (from  claudo),  inZquus  (from  aequus),  c^go 
from  (coigo  =  con  +  ago). 

S.  Aceentiintion :  1.  Words  of  two  syllables  have 
tlie  accent  or  stress  ( ' )  on  the  penult : 

man-do,  I  commit ;  e-quus,  horse. 

2.  Words  of  more  than  two  syllables,  have  the  accent 
on  the  penult  when  the  penult  is  long  ;  on  the  ante-penult 
when  the  penult  is  short  or  common. 

man-dd-re,  to  commit ;  man-dS-re,  to  chew ;  in-tl-grum,  entire. 

EXERCI  SE. 
Accentuate : 

1 .  molesti — culices — mJlgnopere  — cruciabant — parvulum  — 
puerum — mater — sedula — diligenter — conatur  —  insatia- 
biles — bestiolas — flabello — abigere — nOlebant — ^Tnfelicem 
— ^infantem— relinquere. 


10  LATIK    PRIMEK. 


2.  assecla — advenit — ^peregre — afuit —  impetrat  —  improbus 
— alacrem— hospitem — impigrum—  pulicem  —  cerebrum 
perculit — genetrix. 

3.  concidit,  concidit— invenit,  invenit— effugit,  effugifc — 
remanet,  remanet — immanes,  immanes — annotinus — ve- 
spertinus — exsecro— emigro — tantulus — cuculus. 


11.  CLASSIFICATION   OF  WORDS. 

9.  I^arts  of  Speech  :  The  kinds  of  words  used  in 
language  are  called  Parts  of  Speech.     The  Parts  of  Speech 
may  be  arranged  in  four  classes  :  I.  Noun.     II.  Pronoun. 
III.  Verb.     IV.  Particles. 
# 

I.  The  Noun  includes  : 

1.  The  Substantive^  which  gives  a  name  :  vir,  a  man ; 
Cocleo,  Codes ;  donum,  a  gift. 

2.  The  Adjective,  which  adds  a  quality  to  the  substan- 
tive ;  as,  bonus,  good.  So  bonus  vir,  good  man;  malum 
donum,  evil  gift, 

II.  The  Pronoun  points  out :  tu,  tliou  ;  is,  Jie. 

III.  The  Verb  says:    vir  currit,  TJie  man  is  running. 

*  Is  running'  is  said  of  *  the  man.' 

IV.  The  Particles  include  : 

1.  The  Adverb,  which  shows  circumstances ;  as,  Jiow, 
where,  xvhen  :  c  i  t  o  currit,  he  runs  quickly  ;  u  b  i  es  ?  where 
art  thou ?  mo x  veniet,  he  ivill  come  presently. 

2.  The  Preposition,  which  shows  local  relation :  ante,  be- 
fore ;  ante  ostium,  before  (i.  e.,  facing)  the  door. 

Out  of  local  relations  grow  relations  of  time  :  ante  lucem,  before 
light.     Then  come  other  relations  :  ante  alios,  before  others. 


CLASSIFICATION   OF   WORDS.  11 

3.  The   Conjunction^    which    shows   connexion :  et,  and ; 
88d,  hut ;  nam, /or. 

To  these  the  Interjection  or  cry  is  often  added :  Eheu, 
Alas  !  ■ 

EXEKCISE. 

In  the  following  fable  point  out  the  Parts  of  Speech : 
Led  et  Mus. 

Lion  and  Mouse. 

Leo  magnus  dormiebat  in  silva  ;    prope  ludebant  mures 

Lion         great  was-sleeping      in      wood ;        near-by   were-playing      mice, 

et  incaute  unus  nasum  leonis  tetigit.    Leo  experrectus  murem 

and  carelessly    one  nose         of-lion    touched.       Lion  roused  mouse 

corripit.     Turn  mus  oravit  eum  :    Da  mihi  veniam,  gratus 

seizes.  Then     mouse  besought     him :       grant    to-me       pardon,         grateful 

tibi      ero.     Leo  multum  ridens  respondet  :  0  misera  bestiola, 

to-thee  I-will-be.     Lion        much       laughing     answers :  O  wretched    little-beast, 

quid  tu  mill!  proderis  ?     Sed      ignoscam        tibi  et   dimittam 

what  thou  to-me  good-wilt-be  ?    But  I-will-grant-forgiveness  to-thee  and    I-will-lct-go 

te,   nam  leones  sunt  generosi.     Eifuge.     Mus  effugit.     Paulo 

thee,     for       lions         are       generous.  Scamper.        Mouse  scampers.        A-little 

post      leo,  praedam  quaerens,  inciderat  in  laqueos.     Freme- 

afterward  lion,  prey  seeking,         had  fallen     into       snares.  He-was- 

bat      maxime.     Cito   mus,  qui  fremitum  audivcrat,  accurrit. 

roaring  vory-greatly.       Quickly  mouse,  who  (the)  roaring        had-heard,         runs-up. 

Acutis     dentibus   laqueorum   nodos   rodit   et   laqueos  solvit. 

With-sharp         teeth  snares'  knots     it-gnaws  and      snares       loosens. 

En,  parvus  mus      summo     periculo  liberat  magnum  leonem. 

Lo,         little     mou.se    from-very-great      danger       sets-free        grout  lion. 


10,  Inflexion  :  Inflexion  is  a  change  in  the  form  of 
a  word,  corresponding  to  a  change  in  its  use.  This  change 
takes  place  chiefly  in  the  end  of  a  word. 

The  inflexion  of  nouns  and  pronouns  is  called  declen- 
sion, and  nouns  and  pronouns  are  said  to  be  declined. 

The  inflexion  of  verbs  is  called  conjugation,  and  verbs 
are  said  to  be  conjugated. 


12  LATIN   PRIMER.. 

III.  NOIJNS-GENDEES— CASES. 

11,  Proper  and  Coninion  WoiiJis:  Nouns  sub- 
stantive are  either  proper  or  common. 

The  proper  noun  is  proper^  or  'peculiar,  to  certain  per- 
sons or  things  :  Horatius,  Horace  ;  Neapolis,  Naples  ;  Padus, 
Po, 

Common  nouns  are  common  to  a  whole  class  :  dominus,  a 
lord :  urbS;  a  city;  amnis,  a  river, 

12,  Gendei^s :  1.  For  the  names  of  living  creatures 
the  gender  is  determined  by  the  meaning  ;  for  things  and 
qualities,  by  the  ending. 

Males  are  masculine  ;  Females,  feminine. 

Masculine  :  Romulus  ;  Juppiter ;  vir,  man  ;  equus,  horse. 
Feminine  :  Cornelia ;  Juno  5  femina^  woman  ;  equa,  mare. 

2.  Some  classes  of  words  without  natural  gender  have 
their  gender  determined  by  their  meaning  : 

I.  Winds  and  Eivers,  Months  and  Mountains  arc  Masculine. 
II.  Countries,  Islands,  Trees,  and  Cities  are  Feminine. 
III.  Words  that  cannot  be  declined  are  Neuters. 

3,  Nouns  having  but  one  form  for  masculine  and  fem- 
inine are  said  to  be  of  common  gender. 

conviva,  a  guest ;  dux,  a  leader. 

13,  Cases :  The  Latin  noun  has  six  cases  : 

1.  Nominative  (Case  of  the  Subject). 

Answers  :  who  f  what  9 

2.  Genitive  (Adjective  Case). 

Answers  :  whose  9  whereof  9 

3.  Dative  (Case  of  Indirect  Object  or  Personal  Inter- 
est). 

Answers  :    for  or   to  whom  ? 


CASES   OF   NOUNS.  13 

4  Accusative  (Case  of  Direct  Object). 

Answers  :  ichom  ?  what  ? 

5.  Vocative  (Case  of  Direct  Address). 

6.  Ablative  (Case  of  Adverbial  Eelation). 

Answers  :  where  9  whence  ?  wherewith  ? 

I.  The  Nominative  Case  is  used  like  the  English  Nom- 
inative. 

Luscinia  (Norn.)  cantat.  The  nightingale  is  singing. 

n.  The  Genitive  Case  corresponds  to  the  English  Pos- 
sessive, but  has  a  wider  use.  It  is  often  to  be  translated 
by  of  and  the  English  Objective. 

Filia  reginae  (Gen),  The  daughter  of  the  queen. 

It  is  often  best  translated  by  making  a  compound  out  of  the  Genitive 
and  the  word  that  goes  with  it : 

Amor  sui  (Gen.),  self-love  {love  of  self). 
Plenus  spei  (Gen  ),  hopeful  {full  of  hope).- 

III.  The  Dative  Case  is  called  the  Giving  Case,  because 
the  Person  to  whom  a  Thing  is  Given  is  put  in  the  Da- 
tive. The  Dative  implies  a  Thing  Done  For  or  To  a  Per- 
son or  a  Thing,  considered  as  a  Person. 

It  is  often  translated  by  the  English  Objective.  It  is  called  the  Case 
of  the  Indirect  Object  in  contrast  to  the  Case  of  the  Direct  Object— the 
Accusative. 

Mater  (Nom.)  f  ilio  (Dat.)  donum  (Ace.)  dat. 

Mother  to-son  gift  gives. 

(The  mother  gives  her  son  a  gift.) 

The  "son"  is  the  Person  interested  in  the  giving  of  the  gift:  the 
"gift"  is  the  Result  of  the  action  of  the  verb, 

IV.  The  Accusative  Case  is  the  case  of  the  Direct 
Object,  in  contrast  to  the  Dative,  which  requires  another 
object  expressed  or  implied. 


14  lati:n^  primer. 

The  Accusative  gives : 

1.  The  Object  Directly  Produced  : 
Mater  dat  donum,  Mother  gives  a  gift. 

2.  The  Extent  of  an  Action  : 

Ambulat  multum,  He  walks  much. 

3.  The  Object  Directly  Affected  : 

Rana  necat  muscas,  The  frog  kills  flies. 

Nos.  1  and  2  are  called  Accusatives  of  the  Inner  Object. 
No.  2  is  also  called  the  Adverbial  Accusative. 
No.  3  is  called  the  Accusative  of  the  Outer  Object. 

V.  The  "Vocative  or  Calling  Case  is  the  case  in  which  a 
Person,  or  Thing  considered  as  a  Person,  is  addressed. 

It  often  has  the  interjection  6,  Oh  !  before  it. 

O  formose  puer,  Oh  I  shapely  hoy. 

YI.  The  Ablative  or  Taking  Away  Case  is  so  called  ; 
because  it  is  largely  used  to  express  : 

1.  That  From  Which  something  is  Taken. 
Cervum  prato  (abl.)  pellit,  He  drives  the  stag  from  the  meadow. 

Besides  this  use,  it  also  serves  to  give 

2.  The  Place  Where  : 

Libro  tertio,  In  the  third  book, 

3.  Circumstance  or  Attendance  (Wherewith). 

Multa  ciira,  With  much  care. 
Because  it  is  so  much  used  with  verbs,  it  is  called  the  Adverbial  Case. 

Exercise. 
Tell  the  cases  in  the  fable  on  p.  11. 

14.  Dependent  and  Independent  Cases :  Nom 

inative  and  Vocative  are  called  Independent  Cases  (Casus 


THE   DECLENSIOlsrS.  15 

Recti) ;  the  others  are  called  Dependent  Cases  or  Oblique 
Cases  (Casus  Obliqui). 

l/>,  For  mat  ion  of  the  Cases:  The  cases  are  form- 
ed by  adding  an  ending  to  a  common  stock  called  the 
stem. 

In  grii-s,  crane,  gru-is,  gru-i,  gru-em,  gru-e,  gru-es,  gru-uin,  gru-ibus, 
the  common  part  is  gru-,  which  we  call  the  stem  ;  -s,  -is,  -i,  -em,  -e,  -es, 
-nm,  -ibus,  are  the  endings  {case-endings). 


IV.  THE  DECLENSIONS. 

10,  Declensions :  There  are  five  declensions  in 
Latin,  which  are  marked  by  the  final  sound  of  their  re- 
spective stems  : '" 

Stem  mark. 

The  stems  of  the  First  Declension  end  in      .  & 

The  stems  of  the  Second  Declension  end  in  .  6 

The  stems  of  the  Third  Declension  end  in     .     a  consonant, 

or  the  close  vowels  .....         i  and  u 
The  stems  of  the  Fourth  Declension  end  in  .  u 

The  stems  of  the  Fifth  Declension  end  in      .  e 

The  First,  Second,  and  Fifth  Declensions  are  called  Vowel 
Declensions  ;  the  Third  and  Fourth,  which  really  form  but 
one,  the  Consonant  Declension,  1  and  u  being  semi-conso- 
nants. 

17.  General  Mules  of  Declension: 

L  Neuter  nouns  have  the  Nominative  and  Vocative 

*  The  declensions  are  also  distinguished  by  the  ending  of  the  genitive  singular. 
Nouns  which  have  -ae  iu  the  genitive  sing,  are  of  the  First  Declension  : 

-I,  Second  Declension. 

-is,  Third  Declension. 

-Us,  Fourth  Declension. 

-el,  Fifth  Declension. 
See  note  to  teachers  on  last  page. 


16 


LATIl^   PEIMER. 


like  the  Accusative ;  in  the  Plural  the  Nominative,  Ac- 
cusative, and  Vocative  always  end  in  a. 

In  the  Third,  Fourth,  and  Fifth  Declensions,  the  Nom- 
inative, Accusative,  and  Vocative  are  alike  in  the  Plural. 

The  Vocative  is  like  the  Nominative,  except  in  the 
Second  Declension,  when  the  Nominative  ends  in  -us. 

II.  The  Dative  and  Ablative  Plural  have  a  common 
form. 


V.  FIRST   DECLENSION. 

18.  First  Declension:  The  stem  ends  in  a.  This 
a  is  lost  in  the  ending  -is  of  the  Dative  and  Ablative 
plural.'^' 

Feminine. 

the,  or  a,  table. 

of  the,  or  a,  taUe. 

to,  for  the,  or  a,  table. 

the,  or  a,  table. 

0  table  !  or  table  ! 

from,  with,  by  the,  or  a,  table, 

the  tables,  or  tables. 

of  the  tables,  or  tables. 

to,  for  the  tables,  or  tables. 

the  tables,  or  tables. 

0  tables  ! 
from,  with,  by  the  tables,  or  tables. 

In  like  mannner  decline  the  adjective  (fem.)  parva,  small. 

Rule  of  Gender, — The  gender  in  this  declension  is 
feminine,  except  when  males  are  meant. 

19.  Rule  of  Syntax :  The  adjective  agrees  with  its 
substantive  in  gender,  number,  and  case. 

5^"  The  adjective  more  commonly  follows,  unless  stress  is  laid  on  it. 


SING.— N. 

mensa, 

G. 

measaej 

D. 

mensae, 

Ac. 

mensa-m, 

V. 

mansa, 

Abl. 

minsa, 

PLUR.— N. 

minsae, 

G. 

mensarum, 

D. 

mensis, 

Ac. 

mensas, 

V. 

mensae, 

Abl. 

mensis, 

*  The  Genitive  Singular  of  the  First  Declension  ends  in  -ae.     (See  p.  15.) 


first  decleksion. 
Vocabulary. 


17 


Substantives. 

Adjectives. 

bestia,        beast. 

bona,          good. 

capella,      (sJie)  goat,  hid. 

magna,       great. 

musca,       fly. 

mala,          bad. 

pueUa,        girl. 

molesta,     troublesome. 

rana,          frog. 

parva,        small. 

regina,       queen. 

superba,    proud. 

Exercises. 

I.  Decline  togrether: 

Mala  bestia — parva  capella — superba  regina — musca  molesta. 

II.  Tell  the  cases  of : 

1.  Kanam  magnam — capella  parya — puellas  parvas^regina- 
rum  superbarum — muscam  molestam— regina  bona — ranarum 
molestarum. 

2.  Rana  molesta  (2) — puellis  parvis  (2)— puellae  parvae  (4) 
— reginis  bonis  (2) — bestia  mala  (2) — capellae  molestae  (4) — 
muscis  molestis  (2). 

|^~  The  figures  show  when  the  groups  may  belong  to  more  tlmn   one  case.    The 
teacher  is  advised  to  follow  the  same  plan  in  the  declensions  and  conjugations. 


HI.  Translate  into  Engrlish  : 

1.  Regina  est  (is)  superba.  2.  Puella  bona  amat  (loves) 
capellam  parvam.  3.  Regina  dat  (gives)  capellam  puellae. 
4.  Musca  est  (is)  molesta  reginae.  5.  Malae  bestiae  devorant 
(are-devouring)  bonam  reginam.  6.  Puella  reginae  dat  (gives) 
muscfis  ranis.  7.  Puella  bona  abigit  (drives  aioay)  muscas 
molestas  a  (from)  regina  superba.  8.  0  bona  puella,  ama 
(love)  capellam.  9.  Puellae  reginarum  necant  (are-killing) 
muscas.  10.  Muscae  sunt  (are)  molestae  bestiis.  11.  Abigite 
(drive  aivay),  6  puellae,  muscas  a  (from)  bestiis  bonis.  12. 
Videte  (see)  capellas  puellarum  parvarum. 


18  LATII^   PKIMER. 

VL  SECOND  DECLENSION. 

20,  Second  I>eclension :  The  stem  ends  in  6.  The 
6  sound  appears  only  in  the  Dative  and  Ablative  Singular 
and  in  the  Genitive  Plural  and  in  the  Accusative  Plural 
of  masculines  ;  and  in  these  cases  it  is  lengthened  into  o.'- 


Masculine, 

SING.- 

-N. 

hortus,  garden. 

PLUR.- 

— horti,  gardens. 

G. 

horti, 

hortorum. 

D. 

hortS, 

hortis. 

Ac. 

hortum, 

hortos. 

Y. 

horte, 

horti. 

Abl. 

horto, 

hortis. 

Like  hortus  decline  the  adjective  magnus,  great. 

"Neuter. 

SING. — N.  Ac.  V.  bellum,  i^^ar,  plur. — bella,  M^ars. 

G.  belli,  bellorum. 

D.  Abl.  bello,  bellis. 

Like  bellum  decline  the  adjective  magnum,  great. 

Bute  of  Gender. — Nouns  in  -us  are  masculine  ;  in  -urn, 
neuter. 


u. 

Vocabulary. 

Substantives. 

MASCULINE. 

NEUTER. 

agnus, 

lamb. 

collnm, 

nech. 

asinus. 

ass,  donkey. 

ovum. 

egg- 

avus, 

grandfather. 

periculum. 

danger. 

equus, 

horse. 

praemium, 

reward. 

lupus, 

wolf. 

pratum. 

meadow. 

ursus, 

bear. 

vimim, 

wine. 

The  Genitive  Singular  of  the  Second  Declension  ends  in  -I.    (See  p.  15.) 


SECOND   DECLENSION.  19 

Adjectives.    (19) 


Like  agnus  are  declined: 

bonus,  molestus, 

magnus,  parvus, 

malus,  superbus. 

Like  collum  are  declined: 

bonum,  molestum, 

magnum,  parvum, 

malum,  superbxim. 


Exercises. 

I.  Decline  together: 

1.  Avus  bonus — ursus  magnus — malus  lupus — parvus  agnus. 

2.  Vinum  bonum — praemium  mugnum— mSgnum  periculum 
— parvum  pratum. 

II.  Tell  the  cases  of: 

1 .  Periculi  magni — equos  superbos — avum  bonum — luporum 
molestorum — ave  bone — praemiorum  magnorum — lupum  mag- 
num. 

2.  Vino  bono  (2) — equTs  superbis  (2) — prata  magna  (3) — 
asini  molesti  (3) — parvo  pratO  (2) — magnis  praemiis  (2). 

m.  Translate  into  English  : 

1.  Avus  bonus  dtit  (gives)  mSgnum  praemium  parvae  puel- 
lae.  2.  Lupus  malus  parvum  agnum  devorat  {is-devouring). 
3.  Ursi  lupos  fugant  {are-putting-to-fiiglit).  4.  Muscae  asino 
molestae  sunt.  5.  Puellae  ova  in  pratis  inveniunt  (find),  6. 
0  bone  ave,  da  (give)  ovum  puellae  parvae.  7.  Abigite  (drive- 
aivaij)  lupos  ab  agnis.  8.  Regina  avum  pericul(3  llberat  (is- 
freeing).  9.  Regina  bona  avum  puellae  magno  pracmio  donat 
(presents).  10.  Sagitta  (arrotu)  collum  equi  perforat  (pierces), 
11.  Videte  (see)  praemia  avonim  bonorum.  12.  Equi  peri- 
cula  non  (not)  timent  (fear). 


20 


LATIN   PRIMER. 


VII.  SECOND  DECLEI^SION  (coxtioted). 

22.  Most  inasciMne  stems  in  -ero  drop  -us  in  the 
Nominative  and  e  in  the  Vocative  Singular. 


SING, 

PLUR. 

SING. 

PLUR. 

N. 

puer,  hoy. 

pueri. 

ager,  field. 

agri. 

G. 

pueri, 

puerorum. 

agri, 

agrorum. 

D. 

puero, 

pueris. 

agro, 

agris. 

Ac. 

puerum, 

pueros. 

agrum. 

agr5s. 

V. 

puer, 

pueri. 

ager, 

agri. 

Abl. 

puero, 

pueris. 

agro. 

agris. 

23. 


Vocabulary. 


Like  puer. 

Like  ager. 

Suhstantives. 

Suhstantives. 

armiger,    armor-hearer. 
gener,        son-in-law. 
socer,        father-in-law. 
vir,            man. 

^    aper,          wild  hoar, 
y    faber,          carpenter. 
^-    magister,   teacher. 

Adjectives. 

Adjectives. 

asper,         rough,  harsh. 
liber,          fr-ee. 
miser,         wretched. 
prosper,     lucky,  prosperous. 

aeger,         sick. 
niger,         hlack. 
piger,         lazy. 
pulcher,     beautiful. 

Exercises. 

I.  Decline  together  : 

I.  Gener  prosper — armiger  liber — faber  pulcher — magister 
aeger — vir  piger.  2.  Faber  miser — gener  aeger — vir  liber — 
ai:>er  asper — magister  prosper — puer  niger. 

II.  Translate  into  EnglisQi : 

Gener  fabri — socer  viri — armiger  generi — generum  armigeri 
— generum  prosperum  fabri  miseri — armigero  (2)  pigro  viri 
pulchri — soceros  pigros  fabrorum  aegrorum. 


DECLEKSION"  OF  ADJECTIVES. 


21 


VIII.  DECLElSrSION  OF  ADJECTIVES  IN 


-us.  -a,  -um. 


24. 


Bonus,  bona,  bonum,  good. 


M.  r.  N. 

SING.— N.     bonus,  bona,  bonum. 

G.     boni,  bonae,  boni. 

D.     bon5,  bonae,  bono. 

Ac.    bonum,  bonam,  bonum. 

V.     bone,  bona,  bonum. 

Abl.  bono,  bona,  bono. 


M.  F.  K. 

PLUK.— boni,  bcnae,  bona. 

bonorum,  bonarum,  bonorum. 

bonis,  bonis,  bonis, 

bonos,  bonSs,  bona, 

boni,  bonae,  bona, 

bonis,  bonis,  bonis. 


Miser,  misera,  miserum,  wretched. 


SINGULAU. 

misera,  miserum. 

miserae,  miseri. 

miserae,  miserS. 

Ac.  miserum,  miseram,  miserum. 

Y.    miser,        misera,  miserum. 

Abl.  misero,      misera,  misero. 


N.  miser, 
G.  miseri, 
D.    misero, 


PLURAL. 

miseri,         miserae,  misera. 

miserorum,  miserarum,  miserorum. 

miseris,        miseris,  miseris. 

miseros,       miseras,  misera. 

miseri,  miserae,  misera. 

miseris,       miseris,  miseris. 


SING.— N.    piger 

G.    pigri,       pigrae,   pigri. 
D.    pigro,      pigrae,   pigrO. 
Ac.   pigram,  pigrara,  pigrum. 
V.    piger,      pigra,     pigrum 
Abl.  pigr5,     pigra,      pigrO. 


Piger,  pigra,  pigrum,  slow,  lazy. 
pigra,      pigrum.      plur.— pigri,         pigrae 


pigra.      * 
pigrorum.  pigrarum,pigrorum. 
pigris,       pigris,       pigris. 
pigros,       pigras,       pigra. 
pigri,        pigrae,      pigra. 
pigris,       pigris,       pigris. 


Masculine  Substantives. 

FIRST   DECLENSION. 

agricola,        farmer. 


VOC ABULAKY 


Substantives. 

SECOND   DECLENSION. 

discipulus,        scholar. 


auriga, 

driver. 

culter,  tri. 

knife. 

conviva, 

guest. 

liber,  bri. 

book. 

nauta, 

sailor. 

c5nsilium, 

counsel,  advice. 

poeta. 

pod. 

vitium, 

fault,  vice. 

Adjectives  of  the  First  and  Second  Declensions. 
^arus,  a,  um,  dear. 

morosus,  a^  um,        sour  (tempered), 
novus,  a,  um,  new. 

_  sacer,  era,  crum,     sacred. 
validus,  a,  um,         strong. 


'42  latin  primee. 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English. : 

I.  Magister  bonus  dat  {gives)  libriim  novum  caro  discipulo. 

2.  Consilium  agricolae  morosi  malum  est  (is).  3.  ConYiya 
mains  necat  (kills)  agricolam  aegrum.  4.  Nautae  prosper! 
dant  (give)  cultros  pueris  bonis.  5.  Socer  nautae  miseri  dat 
(gives)  consilium  bonum  pigro  genero.  6.  Poetae  culpant 
(blame)  agricolarum  vitia.  7.  Consilia  boni  agricolae  nautas 
a  (from)  vitiis  deterrent  (deter).  8.  Kegina  bona  dat  (gives) 
praemium  magnum  poetae  sacro. 

>^ 

II.  Translate  into  Latin : 

1.  The  strong  man  kills  [necat)  the  farmer's  driver.     2.' The 
poet  gives   (dat)   good  advice  to   the  sailor's  father-in-law. "j 

3.  The  teacher  hides  (celat)  the  new  knives  of  the  lazy  boys. 

4.  My  [=  0  !]  good  boy,  avoid  (vita)  the  vices  of  bad 
scholars.  5.  The  good  poet  gives  (dat)  a  great  reward  to 
the  strong  farmers.  6.  The  vices  of  bad  sons-in-law  are 
troublesome  to  good  fathers-in-law.  7.  The  sour  farmer  scolds 
(vituperat)  the  lazy  guests.  8.  Harsh  teachers  frighten  (ter- 
rent)  scholars. 


IX.  SUBJECT— PREDICATE— VERB  Sum. 

26,  Syntax :  1.  The  predicate  is  that  which  is  said 
of  the  subject. 

Puer  flet,  The  hoy  weeps,  is-weeping.     Flat  is  the  predicate  of  puer. 
2.  The  subject  is  that  of  which  the  predicate  is  said. 

Puer  fletj  The  hoy  weeps,  is-weeping.     Puer  is  the  subject  of  flet. 


SUBJECT — PREDICATE.  23 

3.  Tlie  most  simple  form  of  the  predicate  is  the  verb, 
or  verbal  predicate,  as  : 

Puer  flet. 

4  When  the  predicate  is  not  in  the  form  of  a  verb,  a 
Copula  or  coupling  is  generally  used  to  couple  the  adjective 
or  substantive  with  the  subject.  Then  the  adjective  or 
substantive  is  called  the  predicate,  adjective  predicate, 
substantive  predicate. 

The  chief  copula  is  the  verb  sum,  I  am. 

Subject. 

Puer 

The  boy 

Puer 

The  boy 

5.  When  the  subject  is  a  personal  pronoun,  answering 
to  7,  thou,  yoK,  and  the  like,  it  is  commonly  not  expressed 
in  Latin,  unless  some  stress  is  to  be  laid  on  it : 

Piger    es. 

Lazy      art-(thoii). 

Ego  sum  maestus,     tu    es   laetus. 
I       am         sad,  thou    art     glad. 


Copula. 

Predicate. 

est 

is 

piger. 
lazy. 

est 

is 

poeta. 

a  poet. 

6.  KuLEs  OF  Concord. 

in  numLer  and 
person. 
Nos  (1st  Person  Plural)  sumus  (1st  Person  Plural)  beati.    We  are  happy. 


The  verbal  predicate  agrees  with  its  subject  -j  " 

Nos  (1st  Person  Plural)  sumus  (1st  Person  Plural)  beati 

The  adjective  predicate  agrees  with  its  subject  \  "^^^^"^^^r^  ^^^' 

\    Qer,  anci  case. 

Pueri  (Nom.  PI.  Masc.)  sunt  miseri  (Nora.  PI.  Masc).     The  hoys  are 
wretched. 

The  substantive  predicate  agi-ees  with  its  subject  in  case. 

Stumus  (Nom.)  erat  deliciae  dominL      The  starting  was  the  darling 
(lit.  delights)  of  its  master. 


24  LATI2^   PRIMEE. 


n/  4  • 


Sing.— 1. 

Pre  SEN 
sum. 

T. 

I  am. 

2. 

es, 

thou  art, 

3. 

est, 

Tie,  she,  it  is. 

Plur.— 1. 

sumus, 

we  are. 

2. 

estis, 

you  are. 

3^  sunt, 

they  are. 

Imperfect. 

Sing.— 1. 
2. 
3. 

eram, 

eras, 

erat, 

I  was.             i 
thou  ivast. 
he  was. 

7,  Conjugation  o/Sum,  lam: 

mDICATIVE. 

Perfect. 
Sing. — 1.  fui,  I  have  been,  I 

was. 

2.  fuistij       thou  hast  heeriy 
thou  wast. 

3.  fuit,"         he  has  been,  he 
ivas. 

Plur. — 1.  fuimus,    we  have  been, 
ive  were. 

2.  fuistis,      you  have  been, 
you  were.  ^ 

3.  fuerimt,   they havebeen, 
they  were. 

Pluperfect. 
Sing  . — 1.  fueram,      /  had  been. 

2.  fueras,        thou  hadst  been. 

3.  fuerat,        he  had  been. 
Plur. — 1.  eramus,     ive  were.        Plur. — 1.  fueramus,  ice  had  been. 

2.  eratis,        you  ivere.  2.  fueratis,     you  had  been. 

3.  erant,  they  were.  3.  fuerant,      they  had  been. 

Future.  Future  Perfect. 

Sing. — 1.  ero,  I  shall  be.       Sing. — 1.  fuero,         /     shall     have 

been. 

2.  eris,  thou  wilt  be  2.  fueris,         thou    icilt    have 

been. 

3.  erit,  he  will  be.  3.  fuerit,         he  will  havebeen. 
Plur. — 1.  erimus,      we  shall  be.  Plur. — 1.  fuerimus,  we     shall    have 

been. 

2.  eritis,  you  will  be.  2.  fueritis,     you     will    have 

been. 

3.  erunt,  they  will  be.  3.  fuerint,       they    ivill    have 

been. 

y^  IMPERATIVE. 

FmsT.  Second. 

Sing. — 2.  es,  be  thou.  2.  esto,        thou  shall  be. 

3.  esto,        he  shall  be. 
Plur. — 2.  este,        be  yc.  2.  estote,    you  shall  be. 

3.  sunto,      they  shall  be. 


C#N"JUGATI«N   tF   SUM.  25 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres.    esse,  t^  he. 
Perf.    fuisse,  ts  have  been. 
FuT.      futur-um  (-am, -um)  esse, /# 
(£»re)  be  abmit  /#  be. 


2S,  VOCABULARY. 

Pronouns.  Si-bstantives.  Adjkctivbs. 

eg«,     /.  catulus,    puppy,    aeg^itus,   dck.  laetus,  glad. 

tu,        th^U.  cervus,     stag.        beatus,        happy,     maestus,  sad. 

n#s,     ice.  erus,  master,    callidus,     cunning.  m»ribundus,  dying. 

v*s,     y§u.  sturnus,    starling,  iratus         angry.      8t«lidus,  stupid. 


Exercise  s. 

1 

I.  Translate  into  English  : 

\i  Catulus  est  callidus.  2.  Asini  sunt  stolidi.  3.  Ego  sum 
magnus,  tu  cs  parvus.  4.  Sumus  magni.  5.  Bellum  erat 
magnum.  G.  Lupus  f  uit  aegrotus.  7.  Sturnus  erat  maestus. 
8.  Puellae  fuerunt  pigrae.  9.  Erus  erit  iratus.  10.  Pueri 
crunt  laeti.  11.  Erimus  beati.  12.  Nos  erimus  miseri,  vos 
eritis  beatl.  13.  Rana  fuerat  region  muscarum^  14-  Este 
laeti,  0  beati  cervi,  catulus  malus  moribundus  est. 

>€. 

n.  Translate  into  Latin: 

1.  Why  {cur)  are  you  angry,  you  {d)  lazy  boys  ?  2.  The 
puppies  liave  been  sick.  3.  The  queen  will  be  glad.  4.  The 
teacher  was-once  [=  has-been]  a  boy.  5.  We  shall  be  angry  ; 
you  will  be  glad.  6.  The^sick^tea^er's  bad  scholars  were 
^d._  7.  The  lazy  boys  will  be  miserable.  8.  Be  thou  happy, 
my  (6)  good  boy.  9.  The  frogs  will  be  troublesome  to  the 
sick  sailors.  10.  The  guests  had  been  troublesome  to  the 
sour  farmer.  11.  I  am  sick,  you  are  well  {sanus).  12.  We 
have  been  happy. 

3  .  / 


26  LATIK   PRIMER. 

X.  CONJUGATIONS— FIRST  CONJCJGATION. 

29,  I.  Systems  (^^jonjuffatiort :  There  are  two 
systems  of  conjugati^^Histinguished  by  the  stem-sign,  as 
Yowel-system  and  conMBjU-system. 

1.  The  vowel-system  includes  verbs  with  stem  in 

a :  First  Conjugation, 
e:  Second  Conjugation. 
i :  Fourth  Conjugation. 

2.  The  consonant-system  includes  verbs  with  stem  in  a 
consonant  or  u  (Third  Conjugation). 

These  four  conjugations  are  commonly  distinguished  by  the  form  of 
the  Present  Infinitive  Active. 

1.  The  First  Conj.  has  its  Pres.  Inf.  Act.  in  -are  :  amare,  to  love. 

2.  The  Second  Conj.  has  its  Pres.  Inf.  Act.  in  -ere :  delere,  to  destroy. 

3.  The  Third  Conj.  has  its  Pres.  Inf.  Act.  in  -ere:  emere,  to  buy. 

4.  The  Fourth  Conj.  has  its  Pres.  Inf.  Act.  in.  -ire :  audire,  to  hear. 

II.  Tenses  :  There  are  six  tenses  in  Latin.  1.  Present. 
2.  Imperfect.  3.  Future.  4  Perfect.  5.  Pluperfect. 
6.  Future  Perfect. 

Pres.,  Imperf.,  and  Fut.  answer  to  our  Progressives.  Pres.  canto,  I  am 
singing.  Impf.  cantabam,  /  was  singing.  Fut.  cantabo,  I  shall  be 
sitiging.  Perf.,  PJuperf.,  and  Fut.  Perf.  answer  to  our  tenses  with  have 
and  had.  Perf.  cantavi,  /  have  sung.  Pluperf.  cantaveram,  /  had 
sung.  Fut.  Perf.  cantavero,  /  shall  have  sung.  Present,  Perf,,  and 
Fut.  also  answer  to  our  simple  Present,  Past,  and  Future.  Pres.  canto, 
I  sing,     Perf.  cantavi,  I  sang.     Fut.  cantabo,  J  shall  sing. 

30*  First  Coi^JUGATioisr. 

The  Stem  Forms  or  amS,  /  love. 
Present  Present  Perfect 

Indicative.  Infinitive.  Indicative.  Sujjine. 

am5,  ama-re,  ama-vi,  ama-tum,  to  love. 


The  complete  paradigm  of  the  Active  Voice  is  given  for  convenience  of  refer- 
ence. The  beginner  is  expected  to  learn  only  the  Infinitive  Present,  Indicative  Present, 
and  Imperfect ;  2d  Person  Sing,  and  PI.  Ist  Imperative. 


/ 

FIRST   CONJUGATION. 

First  Conjugation. 

ACTIVE. 
INDICATIVE.                           M||CJI 

TRES^^Jfffr 

-1. 

2. 
3. 

am-6,  Am 

ama-s, 

ama-t, 

loving,   do   love,  1  ame-m,  Be  I 
[love  J  ame-s, 
ame-t. 

-1. 
2. 
3. 

ama-mus, 

ama-tis, 

ama-nt, 

am^-mus, 

ame-tis, 

ame-nt. 

27 
31. 

ACTIVE. 

UBJUNCTIVE. 


Sing. 


Plur." 


Impekfect. 
Was  loving,  loved.  Were  loving,  might  love. 

Sing. — 1.  ama-ba-m,  ama-re-m, 

2.  ama-ba-s,  ama-re-s, 

3.  ama-ba-t,  ama-re-t. 

Plur. — 1.  ama-ba-mus,  ama-re-mus, 

2.  ama-ba-tis,  ama-re-tis, 

3.  ama-ba-nt,  ama-re>iit. 

Future. 
Shall  he  loving,  shall  love. 
Sing. — 1.  ama-b-o, 

2.  ama-bi-s, 

3.  ama-bi-t. 

Plur. — 1.  ama-bi-mus,' 

2.  ama-bi-tis, 

3.  ama-bu-nt. 

IMPERATIVE. 

First.  Second. 
Sing. — 2.  ama,      love  thou,             2.  ama-to,      thou  shall  love. 

3.  ama-to,      he  shall  love. 

Plur. — 2.  ama-te,  love  ye,  ama- tote,  i/e  shall  love. 

ama-nto,  they  shall  love. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Present.     N.  ama-n-s,  G.  ama-nt-is,  loving. 
Future.  ama-tur-us,  -a,  -um,  being  about  to  love. 


28 


LATIN    PRIMER. 


82. 


First  Cokjugatiok. 


INDICATIVE. 


ACTIVE. 


Perfect. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 


Have  loved,  did  love. 

Sing. — 1.  ama-vi, 

2.  ama-vi-sti, 

3.  ama-vi-t, 


Have,  may  have,  loved. 

i 


ama-ve-n-m, 

ama-ve-ri-s, 

ama-ve-ri-t. 


Plur.- 


-1.  ama-vi-mus, 

2.  ama-vi-stis, 

3.  ama-ve-riint, 


Pltjperfect. 


ama-ve-rl-mus, 

ama-ve-ri-tis, 

ama-ve-ri-nt. 


Had,  might  have,  loved. 
ama-vi-sse-m, 
ama-vi-sse-s, 
ama-vi-sse-t. 


ama-vi-sse-mus, 

ama-vi-sse-tis, 

ama-vi-sse-nt. 


Future  Perfect. 


Had  loved. 
Sing. — 1.  ama-ve-ra-m, 

2.  ama-ve-ra-s, 

3.  ama-ve-ra-t, 

Plue. — 1.  ama-ve-ra-mus, 

2.  ama-ve-ra-tis, 

3.  ama-ve-ra-nt, 

Shall  have  loved. 
Sing. — 1.  ama-ve-r-o, 

2.  ama-ve-r!-s, 

3.  ama-ve-ri-t. 


Plur. — 1.  ama-ve-r!-mus, 

2.  ama-ve-rl-tis, 

3.  ama-ve-ri-nt. 

INFINITIVE.  ^ 

Pres.  ama-re,  to  love. 
Perf.  ama-vi-sse,  to  have  loved. 
FuT.     ama-tur-um,  -am,  -um,  esse,  to  he  about  to  love. 

GERUND.  SUPINE. 

N.     [ama-re],  loving. 
G.      ama-nd-i,  of  loving. 
D.      ama-nd-6,  to  loving. 

Ac.  [ama-re],(ad)ama-nd-um,Zo«;/w.^,/<?Zoz^e.  1.  ama-tum,  to  love. 
Abl.  am&-nd'0,  by  loving.  2.  ainsi-tn,tolove,intheloving. 


FIRST   C«IfJUGATI#K. 


29 


33.  Syntax  :  1.  Review  Cases,  13. 
2.  Eules :  A.  Active  Transitive  Verbs  take  the  Accusative 
Case,  the  case  of  the  Direct  •bject : 

Magister  narrat  fabulam. 

Teacher         tells        story. 

Magister  laudat  discipulum. 

Teacher      praises        scholar. 

B.  The  Ablative  is  used  with  Verbs  of  Removing  : 

Puer  liberat  puellam  periculo. 

Boy        Irees  girl     from-danger. 

When  the  Ablative  is  a  living  being,  the  preposition  ab  or  a  is  put 
before  the  Ablative  ;  ab  before  vowels,  and  h,  a,  or  ab  before  consonants. 

Avus  liberat  puerum  a  domin5. 

Grandfather  frees       boy     from  master. 


34. 


Vocabulary 


avolare, 

fly  away. 

aqua, 

water. 

cantare, 

sing. 

aquila, 

eagle. 

ciirare, 

nurse. 

benevolus,  a,  nm, 

kind. 

"devoraro, 

devour,  swallow. 

cibus, 

food. 

dilaniare, 

tear  in  pieces. 

faenum, 

hay. 

donare, 

give. 

filius  (Voc.  fiH), 

son. 

laudare, 

praise. 

gratus,  a,  um, 

grateful. 

liberare, 

free. 

incautus,  a,  um, 

careless. 

necare, 

Ml. 

luscinia, 

nightingale. 

postnlare, 

demand,  ask  for. 

Humerus, 

number. 

privare, 

deprive  o/(Abl.). 

ostium, 

door. 

pulsare, 

knock  (at). 

servus. 

slave. 

verberare, 

flog,  leaf. 

severus,  a,  um, 

stern. 

vituperare, 

scold,  blame,  abuse. 

timidus,  a,  um, 

timid. 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English  : 

1.  Parva  musca  fivolat.     2.  Filius  bonus  asinum  aegrotnm 
curabat ;  lupus  malus  ostium   pulsabat.     3.  Rana   devoral)it 


30  LATIK   PKIMEK. 

muscas.  4.  Aquila  dilaniavit  praedam.  5.  Puellae  gratae 
laudabant  bonam  reginam.  6.  0  servi,  verberate  asinum. 
7.  0  asine,  cur  {why)  vituperas  catulum?  8.  Cur  postulavi- 
stis,  o  pueri,  novum  librum  ?  9.  Eunae  magnum  numerum 
muscarum  necant.  lOSPueri  avuni  magno  periculo  liberave- 
runt.  11.  Magister  benevolus  discipulis  bonis  pulchros  libros^ 
donabit.     12.  Boni  discipuli  benevolos  magistros  a^abunt. 

\^W  In  Latin  the  possessive  pronouns  my,  thy,  etc.,  are  not  expressed  unless  they 
are  emphatic. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin : 

A.  1.  The  horse  is  devouring  hay.  2.  The  eagle  was  tear- 
ing-in-pieces  the  puppy.  3.  The  stern  teachers  will  scold  the 
lazy  girls.  4.  Ask-for  a  book.  5.  You  are-swallowing  a  fly, 
you  id)  careless  boy.  6.  The  farmer  frees  [his]  son  from  gfeat 
danger.      /^—  *« 

B.  1.  Why  {cur)  did  you  kill  (Perf.)  the  timid  frogs  ?  2. 
Praise  (pi.)  the  good  boy  and  the  good  girl.  3.  The  nightin- 
gales are  singing  sweetly  {sudviter).  4.  The  stern  master  had 
flogged  the  lazy  slave.  5.  The  bad  boy  has  deprived  the  poor 
{misellus,  a,  um)  frog  of  water  (Abl.).  6.  Give  food  to  the  sick 
sailor's  wretched  son-in-law. 

III.  1.  Tell  where  the  following:  forms  are  found: 

Liberabo — necabitis — vituperabatis — laudaveras — devorabi- 
mus — verberabunt — cantaveratis — donate — donatis — laudavi- 
stis — dilaniaverit — vituperabimus — cantabit. 

2.  Of  laudo,  I  praise,  give — 

1  P.  PI.  Imperf.  Ind.  Act.— 2  P.  Sing.  Put.  Perf.  Ind.  Act. 
—2  P.  PL  Imper.  Act.— 3  P.  PL  Perf.  Ind.  Act.— 2  P.  Sing. 
Pluperf.  Ind.  Act.-l  P.  Sing.  Imperf.  Ind.  Act.— 1  P.  PI. 
Perf.  Ind.  Act.— 2  P.  PL  Put.  Ind.  Act. 

^^"  A  similar  Praxis  is  recommended  for  the  other  conjugations. 


^         THIRD   DECLE:N^SI^K.  31 

XL  THIRD  DECLENSION-LIQUID  STEMS. 

Sii,  In  the  Third  Declension  the  Stem  ends  in 

a  consonant  or  in  one  of  the  vowels  i  and  u* 

36*  The  Stems  are  divided  according  to  their  letter 
into  Consonant  Stems  and  Vowel  Stems. 

I.  The  Consonant  Stems  are  divided,  as  the  consonants 
are  divided,  into 

A.  Liquid  Stems; 

1,  m,  n,  r  are  liquids. 

Gen.  Case  :  consul-is ;  hiem-is ;  leon-is  j  labor-is. 
Stem  :  consul-     j  hiem-     ;  leon-     j  labor. 

B.  Sibilant  Stems : 

s  is  a  sibilant. 
Stem  mos-.    See  51. 

C.  Mute  Stems  : 

1.  p  and  b  are  P-mutes. 

Gen.  princip-is,  urb-is. 

2.  c  and  g  are  K-muies. 

*-  Gen.   arc-is,  reg-is. 

3.  t  and  d  are  T-mutes. 

Gen.  capit-is,  ped-is. 

IL  The  Vowel  Stems  are  divided  into : 

1.  i-stems. 

Gen.  colli-s. 

2.  u-stems. 

Gen.  gru-is. 

37.  TJie  sign  of  the  l^ominative  Singular,  mas- 
culine and  feminine,  is  s,  but  s  is  dropped  after  stems  in 
1,  n,  r,  s. 

The  Nominative  Singular  undergoes  various  changes. 

*  The  Genitive  Sing,  of  the  Third  Declension  ends  in  -is.    (See  p.  15.) 


32 


LATIK    PKIMER. 


The  Vocative  is  like  the  Nominative.     In  the  other 
cases,  the  endings  are  added  to  the  unchanged  stem. 

the  Nominative  without 
the  case-ending  g. 

the  Accusative  and  Voca- 
tive cases  in  both  num- 
bers like  the  Nomina- 
tive. 

the  Nominative  Plural  in 
a. 


3S>  Neuters  always  form 


I.— Consonant  Stems. 
A.— LIQUILL  STEMSL 
i^°  For  Rules  of  Gender,  see  p.  89. 

1.  Liquid  stems  in  1. 
39,  JVominative  without  s,  as  consul,  the  consul 
Sing. 


-N. 

consul,       consul. 

Plur.- 

-N. 

consul-es,  th 

G. 

consul-is, 

G. 

c5nsul-um, 

D. 

consul-i, 

D. 

consul-ibus, 

Ac. 

consul-em, 

Ac. 

c6nsul-es, 

V. 

c5nsul, 

y. 

c6nsul-es, 

Abl. 

consul-e. 

Abl. 

consul-ibus. 

2.  Liquid  stems  in  m. 

40.  jS'ominative  with  s.  One  example  only :  hiem-s,* 
winter  ;  Genitive,  hiem-is  (fern.). 

3.  Liquid  stems  in  n. 

41,  Most  Masculine  and  Feminine  Stems  have 
Nominative  Singular  in  o.  Genitive  onis  or  inis. 

Neuter  Stems  have  Nominative   Singular  in  -en.  Genitive 
-inis. 


*  Often  epelt  as  pronounced,  hiemps. 


ife'  /t/  ;u^  ,  (Ul 


THIKD   DECLE25^SI01f. 


<^  .i> 


-^^jHr 


33 


Masculine. 


Sing.— N. 
G. 
D. 
Ac. 
V. 
Abl. 


Plur. 


-N. 
G. 
D. 
Ac. 
V. 
Abl. 


leo,        lion. 

Ie5n-is, 

leon-i, 

leon-em, 

led, 

le5n-e, 

leou-es, 

leon-um, 

le5n-ibus, 

leon-es, 

leon-es, 

le5a-ibus. 


Feminini 

imago,        likeness^ 

imagin-is, 

imagin-i, 

imagin-em, 

imago, 

imagin-e, 

imagin-es, 

imagin-um, 

imagin-ibus, 

imagin-es, 

imagin-es, 

imagin-ibus. 


Neuter. 


name. 


nomin-is, 

nomin-i, 

nomen, 

nomen, 

nomin-e, 

nomin-a, 

ndmln-um, 

nomin-ibus, 

nomin-a, 

nomin-a, 

n5min-ibus. 


>    42. 

i 


Vfti.  B  ¥L  A  R  Y  . 
Stems  in  1. 
sol,  solis  (masc),  sun.  mel,  mellis,  (neut.),  honey. 

-^  Stems  in  n. 

1.  Genitive,  -onis. 
Masculine.  Feminine. 

caup5,  onis,  innkeeper.  admiratio,  onis,  {wonder)  admiration. 

centurio,  centurion,  captain,  exspectatio,         (looking  forward  to) 

ligo,  mattock. 

pavo,  pea/iock.  invitatiOj 

praedO;  robber.        .  occasio, 

pugio,  dagger.  oratio, 

vespertilio,  bat. 


e.vpectation. 
(bidding)  invitation, 
(chance)  occasion, 
speech,  oration. 


2.  Genitive,  -inis. 


Masculine. 

homo,  inis,     man. 

pi.  people. 
nemoj  nobody. 

ordo,  list. 


2* 


Feminine. 


fortitude,  inis,  (hardihood)  bravery, 
longitude,  length. 

multitiido,         crowd,  multitude. 
s61itud5,  {loneliness)  solitude, 

wilderness. 
imago,  likeness,  picture. 


34 

LATIi? 

PRIMER. 

Neuter. 

carmen, 

song,  poem. 

certamen, 

contest,  contention. 

lumen, 

light. 

ambulare, 

walk. 

invidus,  a,  um 

,  envious. 

asportare, 

carry  away. 

laqueus, 

noose,  snare. 

celare, 

hide. 

longus,  a,  um, 

long. 

collustrare, 

light  up. 

musculus, 

little-mouse. 

cum, 

with  (prep,  with  Abl.) 

par  are, 

prepare,  prepare  for. 

exitium, 

destruction. 

recitare, 

read  aloud,  recite. 

in, 

prep.,  with  Abl. 

recusare, 

refuse. 

in,  on  ;  with  Ace.  into. 

,  servare. 

save,  preserve. 

on. 

thesaurus. 

treasure. 

avoid,  vitare.  invoke,  invocare. 

bark-at,  allatrare  (with  Ace),  put-to-flight,  fugare. 

care  (subst.),  ciira.  pierce,  stab,  perforare. 

change,  miitare.  surpass,  superare. 

entice,  allectare. 

!    Rule  of  Syntax:  Cause,  Means,  and  Instrument  are 
put  in  the  Ablative. 

Riisticus  colubrum  ligone  necat.     The  countryman  kills  the  snake 
with  the  mattock. 


Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English : 

/  1.  Musculus  laqueis  liberat  leonem.  2.  Ceryi  timidi  cum 
leonibus  ambulabant.  3.  Homo  invidus  neminem  laudabit. 
4.  Agricola  thesaurum  in  solitudine  celavit.  5.  Sturnus  in 
solitudinem  avolavit.  6.  Consulis  invitationem  recusas.  7. 
Praedones  callidi  pulchram  asportabant  imaginem.  8.  Poeta 
malus  longum  carmen  recitaverit.  9.  Caupo  parat  exitium 
genero  centurionis.  10.  Longitudine  colli  servavi  lupum.  11. 
Magna  fuit  admiratio  leonum.  12.  Sol  homines  lumine  col- 
lustrat. 


LIQUID   STEMS. 


35 


n.  Translate  into  Latin  : 

A.  1.  People  praise  the  boy's  poems.  2.  We  praise  the  pic- 
ture of  the  peacock.  3. .  Read  the  list  of  names.  4.  The  Per- 
sians {Persae)  invoke  the  sun.  5.  The  bat  has  changed  [his] 
name.     6.  Boys  entice  flies  with  honey. 

B.  1.  I  stabbed  the  robber  with  a  dagger.  2.  No  one  will 
praise  the  speech.  3.  The  bravery  of  the  slaves  surpassed  ex- 
pectation. 4.  The  puppy  barked-at  the  crowd.  5.  Poets  put- 
to-flight  cares  by  songs.     G.   Avoid  the  occasion  of  contest. 


XII.  LIQUID  STEMS  (Continued). 

4.  Liquid  stems  in  r. 

4:3,  1.  ^o^niiiative  without  s  ending. 

2.  Words  in  -ter  have  no  e  between  t  and  r  except  in 
the  Nominative  and  Yocative  Singular. 


Masculines. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

singular. 

PLURAL. 

N.  labor,      toil 

labor-es. 

pater. 

father. 

patr-e  s. 

G.  labor-is, 

labor-um. 

patr-ia 

'} 

patr-um. 

D.  labor-i, 

labor-ibus. 

patr-i, 

patr-ibus. 

Ac.  labor-em. 

labor-es. 

patr-em, 

patr-es. 

V.  labor, 

labor-es. 

pater. 

patr-es. 

Abl.  labo-re, 

labor-ibus. 

Neu 

patr-e, 

TERS. 

patr-ibus. 

N.  A.  V.  fulgur,  liglitning.     fulgui 

•-a. 

robur,  oak. 

robor-a. 

G.  fulgur-is, 

fulgur-um. 

robor-is. 

robor-um. 

D.  fulgtir-i, 

fulgur-ibus. 

robor-I, 

robor-ibus. 

Abl,  fulgur-e, 

fulgur-ibus. 

robor-e. 

robor-ibus. 

In  like  manner  decline  : 

MASCULINE. 

neuter. 

passer,        sparrow. 

frater. 

brother. 

cadaver 

,        dead  bod, 

passer-is. 

fratr-is. 

cadaver- 

•is. 

dolor,         pain,  anguish,  orator. 

speaker. 

femur, 

thigh. 

dolor-is. 

orator-is. 

orator. 

femor-is. 

fur,              thief. 

vultur. 

vulture. 

guttur. 

throat. 

fur-is. 

vultur-is. 

guttur-is 

36 


LATIiT    PRIMER. 


44. 


Vocabulary. 


Stems  in  r. 

For  Rules  of  Gender,  see  p.  89. 

MASCULINES. 

NEUTEK. 

accipiter, 

liawh. 

verbera,  pi. 

Uow8. 

anser, 

goose, 
author. 

auctor, 

color, 

color. 

adj  prep,  with  Aoe., 

to,  at. 

pastor, 

herdsman. 

caelum, 

shy. 

pictor, 

painter. 

cito,  adv. 

quickly. 

venator, 

hunter. 

cruciare, 

torture. 

viator. 

traveller. 

deus, 

god. 

gaudium, 

joy. 

> 

FEMIXINES. 

impiger,  gra,  grum. 

{not  slow),  hold. 

mater, 

mother. 

monstrare, 

pointful,  show. 

mulier. 

woman. 

non, 

not. 

soror, 

sister. 

purgare, 

clear,  cleajise. 

U3^r, 

wife. 

statim,  adv. 

immediately. 

about,  prep,     de  (w.  Abl.).  four,  quattuor  (indeclin.) 

adorn,  deck,     ornare.  hiding-place,  den,  latibulum. 

ancient,  antiquus,  a,  um.  in-vain,  frustra. 

chastise,  castigare.  shadow,  umbra. 

use,  usurpare. 

wicked,  naughty,  improbus,  a,  um. 

Mule  of  Syntax :  Manner  is  expressed  by  tlie  Abla- 
tive, chiefly  with  cum,  with.  When  an  adjective  is  used, 
cum  may  be  left  out. 

Cum  gaudio.  With  joy. 

Magno  cmn  gaudiS,  lifclgnd  gaudio,  With  great  joy. 


Exercises. 

I,  Translate  into  Eng-lish. : 

1.  Passer  callidus  mag^o  cum  gaudio  devorabat  muscam. 
2.  Passerem  accipiter  necavit.     3.  Accipitrem  statim  dilaniavit 


.^-^ 


SECOITD   COJ^^JUGATIOK.  37 

vultur.  4.  Vulturi  *  collum  perforavit  venator  sagitta.  5. 
UrsI  non  devorabunt  cadavera.  6.  Pueri  caram  matrem  voca"- 
bunt.  7.  Homines  bonorum  consiliorum  auctores  laudabunt. 
8.  Fulgiira  cito  purgant  caelum.  9.  Viatores  impigri  fuga- 
verintfures.  10.  0  boni  pilstores,  fugate  leonem.  11.  Dolor 
gutturis  cruciabat  lupum.  12.  Pastor  monstrat  lupum  vena- 
tori. 

/^ 

II.  Translate  into  Latin: 

A.  1.  The  cunning  thieves  were  carrying  avray  the  geese.  2. 
The  herdsman  was  chastising  the  thief  with  blows.  3.  Wicked 
men  will  invoke  God  with  great  anguish  [but]  in-vain.  4. 
[My]  brother's  son  has  surpassed  the  great  orator.  5.  Women 
like  to  dress  up  (  =  willingly  [Ubenfer^  adorn)  [their]  daugh- 
ters. G.  The  good  daughter  will  free  [her]  mother  from  great 
labor. 

B.  1.  The  sparrows  flew  to  the  painter's  picture.  2.  The 
ancient  painters  used  four  colors.  3.  The  orator  read- aloud 
to  the  boys  a  speech  about  the  donkey's  shadow.  4.  The  wife 
of  the  thief  put  the  wolves  to  flight  from  [his]  dead-body.  5. 
Avoid  with  care  the  hiding-place  of  thieves.  6.  The  hunter 
saved  [his]  wife's  sister. 


XIII.  SECtlSTD  CtNJUGATItN. 


*#. 

Stem  Forms. 

Pi-esent 

Present 

Perfect 

Indicative. 

Infinitive. 

Indicative. 

Supine. 

1.  dele-6, 

dele-re, 

dele-vi, 

dele-tum, 

hlot  out. 

2.  mone-6, 

mone-re, 

mon-ui, 

moni-tum, 

remind. 

5^"  The  complete  paradigm  of  the  Active  Voice  is  given  for  convenience  of  refer- 
ence. The  beginner  is  expected  to  learn  only  the  Infinitive;  Indicative,  Present  and 
Imperfect ;  2d  Person  Sing,  and  PI.  Ist  Imperative. 

*  The  Dative  is  often  to  be  translated  by  a  possessive  with  the  stress  on  the  other 
case  employed  : 

AsinQ  dorsum  verberant,  T  hey  beat  ilu  donTcei/sjKACK  {for  him). 
Asini  dorsum  verberant,     They  heat  (he  jiosvi^Y' shack. 


38 


LATIK   PRIMEK. 


46, 


Second  Conjugation. 


INDICATIVE. 

Destroy  (blot  out). 
Sing. — 1.  dele-o, 

2.  dele-s, 

3.  dele-t, 
Plur. — 1.  dele-mus, 

2.  dele-tis, 

3.  dele-nt, 


Was  destroying. 
Sing. — 1.  dele-ba-nij 

2.  dele-ba-s, 

3.  d3le-ba-t, 
Plur. — 1.  dele-ba-mus, 

2.  dele-ba-tis, 

3.  dele-ba-nt, 


Present. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Be  destroying,  may  destroy. 
dele-a-m, 
dele-a-s, 
dele-a-t. 
dele-a-mus, 
dele-a-tis, 
dele-a-nt. 


Imperfect. 


Was  destroying,  inigM  destroy. 
dele-re-nij 
dele-re-s, 
dele-re-t. 

dele-re-mus, 

dele-re-tis, 

dele-re-nt. 


Ftjttjke. 


Shall  destroy. 
Sing. — 1.  dele-b-6, 

2.  dele-bi-s, 

3.  dele-bi-t. 
Plur. — 1.  dele-bi-mus, 

2.  dele-bi-tis, 

3.  dele-bu-nt. 


FlKST. 

Sing. — 2.  dele,      destroy  thou 
Plur. — 2.  dele-te,  destroy  ye, 


IMPERATIVE. 

SEC0N15. 

dele-t5,     thou  shall  destroy, 
dele-to,      he  shall  destroy. 
dele-tote,  ye  shall  destroy. 
delo-nto,   they  shall  destroy. 


PARTICIPLES. 

Present.     N.  dele-n-s ;  G.  dele-nt-is,  destroying. 
Future.      dele-tur-us,  -a,  -um,  about  to  destroy. 


SECOND   CONJUGATION. 


39 


47. 


Second  Conjugation. 


ACTIVE. 
INDICATIVE.  SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pkkfkct. 
Have  destroyed,  destroyed.  Have,  may  have,  destroyed. 


Sing.— 1.  dele-vi, 

2.  dele-vi-sti, 

3.  dele-vi-t, 
Plur. — 1.  dele-vi-mus, 

2.  dele-vi-stis, 

3.  dele-ve-runt, 

Had  destroyed. 
Sing. — 1.  dele-ve-ra-m, 

2.  dele-ve-ra-s, 

3.  dele-ve-ra-t, 
Plur, — 1.  dele-ve-ra-mus, 

2.  dele-ve-ra-tis, 

3.  dele-ve-ra-nt, 

Shall  have  destroyed. 
Sing. — 1.  dele-ve-r-6, 

2.  dele-ve-ri-s, 

3.  dele-ve-ri-t. 
Plur. — 1.  dele-ve-r!-mus, 

2.  dele-ve-r!-tis, 

3.  dele-ve-ri-nt. 

INFINITIVE. 
Present,    dele-re,  to  destroy. 
Peufect.    dele-vi-sse,  to  have  destroyed 
Future,     dele-tur-um,  -am,  -um,  esse,  to  be  about  to  destroy. 


dele-ve-ri-m, 

dele-ve-ri-s, 

dele-ve-ri-t 

dele-ve-rl-mxis, 

dele-ve-rl-tis, 

dele-ve-ri-nt. 

Plupeupect. 

Had,  might  have,  destroyed. 
dele-vi-sse-m, 
dele-vi-sse-s, 
dele-vi-sse-t. 
dele-vi-sse-mus, 
dele-vi-sse-tis, 
dele-vi-sse-nt. 

Future  Perfect, 


GERUND. 
N,        [dele-re],         destroying,  to  destroy. 
G.  dele-nd-i,       of  destroying. 

D.  dele-nd-6,      to,  for  destroying. 

Ac,      [dele-re]    (ad)  dele-nd-um,  destroying, 

to  destroy. 
Abl.     dele-nd-6  J       by  destroying. 


SUPINE. 


dele-tum,  to  destroy. 

dele-tu,     to  destroy, 

in  the  destroying. 


40 


LATIl^   PRIMER. 


48,  Synopsis  op  mone-o,  I  remind. 

ACTIVE. 


INDICATIVE. 

Pres.  mone-5, 

Impf.  mone-ba-m, 

Put.  mone-b-6. 

Perp.  mon-ui, 

Plpf.  mon-ue-ra-m, 

P.  Pr.  mon-ue-r-o. 

IMPERATIVE. 
PiRST.     mone. 
Second.  inone-t5. 


Participles.  Pres.  mone-n-s. 
Gerund.  mone-nd-i. 

Supine.  1.  moni-tum. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 


mone-a-m. 

mone-re-m. 

mon-ue-ri-m. 

mon-ui-sse-m. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. 

mone-re. 

Perf. 

mon-ui-sse. 

Put. 

moni-tiir-um,  -am,  -um, 

Put. 

mom-tur-us,  a,  -um. 

2. 

moni-tu. 

49. 


Vocabulary 


admovere, 

move  up.                              parere, 

he      obedient      (with 

debere, 

owe. 

Dat.). 

flere, 

tceep.                                    permulcere, 

stroke,  fondle,  soothe. 

fulgerc, 

glitter.                                 praebere, 

afford,  furnish. 

habere, 

have,  hold.                          prandere, 

breakfast. 

invidere, 

feel  envy  towards  (Dat.).  prohibere, 

keep-away. 

manere, 

remain,  stay.                     respondere, 

make  answer. 

movere, 

move.      *                              sedere, 

sit. 

nocere, 

be    hurtful,    do    harm     solera, 

be  accustomed. 

(with  Dat,).                     terrere, 

frighten. 

cenare, 

dine.                            nasus, 

nose. 

commoduir 

I,           advantage,  comfort,   nidus, 

nest. 

corvus, 

raven.                          oppidum. 

toivn. 

dea, 

goddess.                       optimus,  a, 

um,       best. 

dictitare, 

say-over  -  and  -over,  permagnus, 

1  a,  um,  very     great. 

dorsum, 

hacTc. 

large. 

exiguus,  a, 

um,      small,  scant,  paltry,  porta, 

gate. 

magnificus, 

a,  um,  magnificent                 querela, 

complaint. 

multum, 

much.                            sed  (conj.), 

but. 

-t 


SECOND   CONJUGATION". 


41 


meus,  a,  um,  my  (Voc.  Masc.  mi), 
thus,  a,  um,  thy,  your  (of  the  2d  P.  S.). 
n5ster,  tra,  trum^  our. 
vester,  tra,  trum,  your  (pi  the  2d  P.  PI.), 
suus,  a,  um,  his,  her,  its,  their,  own. 


ask, 

rogare.                    tongue. 

ling^ua. 

bull, 

taurus.                     too-much, 

nimius,  a,  um. 

health, 

valetudo,  inis,  f .    try, 

tentare. 

if, 

SI.                             weigh-down, 

gravare. 

on,  (prep.), 

in  (w.  Abl.).            where, 

ubL 

runaway, 

fugitivus,  a,  um.    worthy, 

probus,  a,  um. 

Mule  of  Syntaoc :  Verbs  of  Advantage  or  Disadvan- 
tage ,  Yielding  and  Resisting,  Pleasure  and  Displeasure, 
Bidding  and  Forbidding,  take  the  Dative.* 

Exerciser. 

I.  Translate  into  English  : 

1.  Dominus  asini  habet  catulum.  ^  2.  Cur  permulces  catu- 
lum  ?  dictitat  asinus.  3.  TJrsus  nasum  suum  ad  hominis  nasum 
admovebat.  4.  Leo  terrebat  venatores.  5.  Ego  prandebam, 
tu  cenabas.  G.  Oppidum  exiguum  permagnas  et  magnifiefis 
habcbat  portas.  7.  Mane,  mater  optima.  8.  Asini  multa 
commoda  dominis  praebebant.  9.  Malus  cibus  nocet  incautis 
pueris.  10.  Ranae  llebant  sed  deum  non  movebant  qucre- 
lls.  11.  Discipulus  bonus  magistri  paret  consiliis.  12.  0 
agricolae,  cur  deletis  nidos  corvorum  ?  y 

*  The  following  old  rule  has  been  found  serviceable  : 

A  Dative  put,  remember,  pray, 

After  Envy,  Spare,  Obey, 

Persuade,  Command,  Believe  ;  to  these 

Add  Pardon,  Succor,  and  Displease, 

With  vacare,  fo  have  teistire, 

Aud-plsLcBre,  (ogive pleasure, 

V/ith  nubere  (of  the  female  said), 

The  En-lish  of  it  is  fo  wed. 

Servire  add,  and  add  stud6re, 

Heal,  Favor,  Hurt,  Resist,  and  indulgSre. 


c.) 


42  LATIK   PRIMER. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin: 

A.  1.  A  little  fly  was  sitting  on  the  back  of  a  great  bull.  2. 
If  I  am  weighing-down  the  bull,  I  will  fly-away,  said  the  fly 
over  and  over.  Where  art  thou  ?  asked  the  bull.  3.  The 
bad  men  kept  the  goddess  away  from  the  water.  4.  The  wor- 
thy man  answers  with  great  joy.  It-is  my  son.  5.  I  am  not 
accustomed  to  feel-envy-to  [ward]  wicked  people. 

B.  1.  Peacocks  glitter  with  (Abl.)  beautiful  colors.  2. 
Answer  thy  teacher  immediately,  my  (o)  boy.  3.  The  lion 
fondles  the  man  with  [his]  tongue.  4.  We  are  t#;ying  to  move 
the  thieves  by  [our]  complaints.  5.  A  runaway  ass  was 
frightening  men  and  beasts.  6.  Too  much  labor  is-hurtful  to 
health.     7.  You  owe  much  to  [your]  father. 

SO.  Mules  of  I^osition :  Eeview,  varying  the  order 
of  words  in  the  lessons  according  to  these  rules  : 

I.  The  adjective  follows  its  substantive,  and  so  do  the  equivalents  of 
the  adjective — genitive  and  the  like. 

II.  The  qualifiers  of  the  verb  precede  the  verb  ;  for  instance,  adverbs 
and  oblique  cases  with  or  without  prepositions. 

The  adverb  is  put  near  the  verb. 

The  indirect  object  generally  precedes  the  direct  object. 

III.  The  reversal  of  the  above  rules  produces  emphasis.  Hence,  the 
emphatic  place 

For  the  vet-h  is  at  the  beginning  ; 

For  the  ohject,  at  the  end  of  a  sentence  ; 

For  the  adjective,  before  the  substantive  ;  -.  „, 

For  the  adverb,  at  a  distance  from  the  verb  ; 

For  the  indirect  ohject,  after  the  direct  object. 


A 


XIV.  SIBILANT  STEMS  OF  THIRD  DECLENSION. 
B.— SIBILANT  STEMS. 
SI,  The  Nominative  has  no  additional  s. 

In  other  cases  the  s  of  the  stem  is  changed  into  r  be- 
tween two  vowels. 


SIBILAKT   STEMS. 


43 


SINGXTIiAIl.  ^  PLURAL 

N.  cinis,     ashes,     ciaer-es. 

G.  ciner-is, 

D.  ciner-i, 

Ac.  ciner-em, 

V.  cinis, 

Abl,  ciner-e, 


ciner-um. 
ciner-ibus. 
ciner-e  s. 
ciner-es. 
ciner-ibus. 


Masculines, 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

mos,  custom,  manner,  mor-es. 

mor-is,  mor-um. 

m5r-i,  mor-ibus. 

mor-em,  mor-es. 

mos,  m5r-es. 

mor-e,  mor-ibus. 


Neuters. 

PLURAL. 


SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

N.  A.  V.  genus,  Tcind,  race,  gener-a.  corpus,  body,  corpor-a. 

G.  gener-is,  gener-um.  corpor-is,  corpor-um. 

D.  gener-I,  gener-ibus.  corpor-i,  corpor-ibus. 

Abl.  gener-e,  gener-ibus.  corpor-e.  corpor-ibus. 

52.  Vocabulary. 

Sibilant  Stems. 

For  Rules  of  Gender,  see  p.  90. 

Masculine.  Neuter. 

flos,  oris,      flower,   corpus,  oris,  body.  onus,  eris,     load,  burden. 

pulvis,  eriSj  dust.      crus,  uris,      leg.  opus,  erisj     worh. 
mus,  uris,      mouse,  facinus,  oris,  deed,  crime,  pectus,  oris,  breast. 

G.  pi.  murium.          foedus,  eris,  treaty.  os,  oris,          mouth,  fa^e. 

frigus,  oris,   cold.  os,  ossis,         bone. 

litus,  oris,      shore.  G.  pi.  ossium. 


)tcaptare, 

match  at. 

levare. 

relieve  (w.  Abl.). 

^^  caudaj 

tail. 

mortuus,  i. 

dead-man. 

J/'  fluvius,  I, 
frenum, 

river. 

paenitentiaj 

repentance. 

bit 

parvuius,  a, 

um, 

little  (poor  little). 

fhaerere. 

stick. 

saepe, 

often. 

)Jf  humare, 

bury. 

serus,  a,  um 

h 

late,  too  late. 

P^      imperator, 

general. 
cremare. 

spectare, 

gratu 

behold. 

burn, 

grateful. 

s,  a,  um. 

cheese, 

caseus,  i. 

Greek, 

Graecus,  a,  um. 

crown, 

corSnare. 

many, 

multi 

,  ae,  a. 

deceitful, 

dolosus,  a,  um. 

Roman, 

RomanuSj  a,  um. 

either-or, 

aut-aut. 

size, 

magnitude,  inis  (fem.). 

famous, 

clarus,  a,  um. 

willingly, 

Ubenter. 

4:4  LATII^   PRIMER. 


Exercises. 


I.  Translate  into  English  : 

I.  Venator  corpus  ursi  sagitta  perforavit.  2.  Ceryus  ima- 
ginem  suam  in  fluvio  spectabat ;  crura  vituperat,  sed  crura 
saepe  servaverant  stolidum  cervum.  3.  Equus  superbus  fre- 
num  molestum  in  ore  habet.  4.  Ursus  6s  suum  ad  hominis 
OS  admovet.  5.  Os  in  gutture  lupi  haeret.  6.  Leva  parvu- 
lum  puerum  onere.     7.  Paenitentia  facinoris  sera  esse  solet. 

8.  Pueri  in  litore  ambulabant.  9.  Catulus  ore  os  captabit. 
10.  Frigus  nocet  hominum  corporibus.  11.  Pulvis  viatoribus 
molestus  est.  12.  Imperator  foedera  servabit.  13.  Mores 
Romanorum  sever!  fuerant. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin  : 

1.  Ashes  are  deceitful.  2.  Be-off  [=  walk]  to  the  {in  w. 
Ace.)  fields  to  (ad)  thy  work.  3.  Mice  like-to  [=  willingly] 
devour  cheese.  4.  The  Greeks  and  Romans  either  buried  or 
burned  the  bodies  of  [their]  dead.  5.  The  lion  frightens  the 
traveller  by  the  size  of  [his]  body.  6.  The  poet's  song  soothes 
the  breast  of  the  angry  general.  7.  Many  are  the  kinds  of 
beasts.     8.  My  (o)  girls,  crown  [your]  mother  with  flowers. 

9.  The  grateful  girls  will  relieve  [their]  sick  mother  of  many 
burdens.  10.  Frogs  have  long  legs.  11.  The  deeds  of  the 
Romans  are  famous.     12.  Thou  art  injuring  thy  body  by  toil. 


XV.  THIRD  CONJUGATION.       1 


^3. 


Stem  Fokms. 
Present  Present  Perfect 

Indicative.  Infinitive.  Indicative.  Supine. 

1.  em-o,  em-e-re,  em-i,  em-tum  (emptum),  buy. 

2.  capi-6,  cap-e-re,         cep-i,  cap-tum,  take,  catch. 

In  Verbs  like  capio,  1  belongs  to  the  stem  before  a,  6,  0,  u,  et  and  ent. 
5^^  Loam  Infinitive  ;    Indicative,  Present  and  Imperfect ;   2d  Person   Singular  and 
plur,  1st  Imperative,  Active,  of  emo  and  of  capio,  ' 


c^^^  .--^t^^^^^- 


THIRD   CONJUGATION. 


45 


64:. 


Third  Conjugation, 


INDICATIVE. 


ACTIVE. 
Present. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 


I  am  hujjing. 
Sing. — 1.  em-e, 

2.  em-i-s, 

3.  em-i-t. 

Plur. — 1.  em-i-mus, 

2.  em-i-tis, 

3.  em-u-nt. 


/  am  taking. 
capi-d, 
cap-i-s, 
cap-i-t. 

cap-i-mus, 

cap-i-tis, 

capi-u-nt. 


'"be  buying. 
em-a-nij 
em-a-s, 
em-a-t. 


em-a-mus, 

em-a-tis, 

em-a-nt. 


I  was  buying. 
Sing. — 1.  em-e-ba-m, 

2.  em-e-ba-s, 

3.  em-e-ba-t. 

Plur. 


Imperfect. 
/  teas  taking.       I  were  buying. 
capi-e-ba-m,         em-e-re-m, 
capi-e-ba-s,  em-e-re-s, 

capi-e-ba-t.  em-e-re-t. 


-1.  em-e-ba-mus,  capi-e-ba-mus, 

2.  em-e-ba-tis,     capi-e-ba-tis, 

3.  em-e-ba-nt.      capi-e-ba-nt. 

Future. 
Shall  be  buying, shall  buy.  Shall  take. 


em-e-re-mus, 

em-e-re-tis, 

em-e-re-nt. 


/  be  taking. 
capi-a-m, 
capi-a-s, 
capi-a-t. 

capi-a-mus, 

capi-a-tis, 

capi-a-nt. 

I  ivere  taking. 
cap-e-re-m, 
cap-e-re-Sj 
cap-e-re-t. 

cap-e-remus, 
cap-e-re-tis, 
cap-e-re-nt. 


Sing. — 1.  em-a-m,    ^ 

2.  em-e-s, 

3.  em-e-t. 

Plur. — 1.  em-e-mus, 

2.  em-e-tis, 

3.  em-e-nt. 


First. 
Sing. — 2.  em-e,  buy. 

Plur.— 2.  em-i-te. 


capi-a-m, 
capi-e-s, 
capi-e-t. 

capi-e-mus, 

capi-e-tis, 

capi-e-nt. 

IMPERATIVE. 
Second.  First. 

2.  em-i-to,  cap-e,  take. 

3.  em-i-to. 

2.  em-i-tote,        cap-i-te. 

3.  em-u-nto. 


Second. 
cap-i-to, 
cap-i-ts. 

cap-i-t5te, 
cap-i-u-ntO. 


PARTICIPLES. 
Pres.    N.  em-e-n-s ;  G.  em-e-nt-is.         N.  capi-e-n-s  ;  G.  capi-e-nt-is. 


FUT. 


em  (p)-tur-us,  a,  um. 


cap-tur-us,  a,  um. 


46 


LATIiq^   PEIMEE. 


55. 


Thied  Cols' jug  ATION". 


INDICATIVE. 


ACTIVE. 
Pekfect. 


I  have  bought,  taken. 

Sing. — 1.  em-i,        cep-i,  etc. 

2.  em-i-sti, 

3.  em-i-t. 

Plur. — 1.  em-i-mus, 

2.  em-i-stis, 

3.  em-e-ru-nt. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 

have,  may  ham,  bought,  taken. 
em-e-ri-m,        cep-e-ri-m,  etc. 
em-e-ri-s, 
em-e-ri-t. 

em-e-ri-mus, 

em-e-rl-tis, 

em-e-ri-nt. 


SlNG.- 


Plupekfect. 
/  had  bought,  taken.  had,  might  have,  bought,  taken, 

-1.  em-e-ra-m,  cep-e-ra-m,  etc.   em-i-sse-m,     cep-i-sse-m,  etc, 
2.  em-e-ra-s,  em-i-sse-s, 


3.  em-e-ra-t. 


Plur. — 1.  em-e-ra-mus, 

2.  em-e-ra-tis, 

3.  em-e-ra-nt. 


em-i-sse-t. 

em-i-sse-mus, 

em-i-sse-tis, 

em-i-sse-nt. 


Future  Perfect. 
I  shall  have  bought,  taken. 
Sing. — 1.  em-e-r-o,        cep-e-r-Q,  etc. 

2.  em-e-ri-s, 

3.  em-e-ri-t. 

Plur. — 1.  em-e-ri-mus, 

2.  em-e-ri-tis, 

3.  em-e-ri-nt. 


Pres.     em-e-re,  to  buy. 
Perf.    em-i-sse,  to  have  bought. 
FuT.      em-tur-um,  -am,  -um,  esse, 
to  be  about  to  buy. 

GERUND. 
N.  [em-e-re], 

6.  em-e-nd-i,        capi-e-nd-i,  etc. 
D.  em-e-nd-6, 

Ac.  [em-e-re]  (ad)  em-e-nd-um, 
Abl.  em-e-nd-o. 


INFINITIVE. 

cap-e-re,  to  take,  taking,  etc. 
cep-i-sse,  to  have  taken. 
cap-tur-um,  -am,  -um,  esse, 
to  be  about  to  take. 


SUPINE. 


1.  em-tum, 

2.  em-tu, 


cap-tum, 
cap-tu. 


\ 

^>' 

>^  ^     *  ^  ^ 

\ 

THIRD  CONJUGATION. 

47 

56.      — 

\               Ve  CAB  UL A  RY. 

Verbs  of  Third\^onjugation. 

t 

accedo,/     approacry. 

aliuS;  a,  um, 

another. 

accurrO,     run  up.     \ 

amicus,  i, 

friend. 

committo,  join. 

auxilium,  i, 

aid. 

descends,  come 

down. 

clamo,  1. 

cry  aloud. 

fluo,           flow. 

dum, 

'while,  so  long  as. 

gero,           carry 

f  on. 

duo, 

two. 

irrumpo,    break 

-,  hurst,  in  among. 

eques,  itis, 

horseman. 

ludo,          play, 

make  sport  of. 

gallTna, 

hen. 

peto,           seek, 

pelt. 

gallus,  i, 

cock. 

vend5,       sell. 

inquit, 

quoth  he. 

vinco,        overcome. 

inquiunt, 

say  they. 

vivo,          live. 

nuntius,  i, 

news,  tidings. 

""^ 

pugna, 

fight,  battle. 

~ 

accipio,/  receive. 

pugno,  1. 

fight. 

aufugia,      run  c 

'/. 

sanguis,  inis,  m. 

blood. 

conspicio,  espy. 

silva, 

wood,  forest. 

decipio,     deceive. 

solum,  i, 

soil,  ground. 

persplcio,  perceive. 

tandem. 

at  length. 

sxirripio,    filch. 

tertium, 

third  time. 

"" 

incipio,  3. 

vulpecula, 

fox. 

begin, 

log, 

Ugnum,  i, 

collect. 

colligQ,  3. 

nothing. 

nihil. 

cut, 

caedo,  3. 

see, 

video,  2. 

draw  out, 

extrahO,  3. 

please, 

placeo,  3.(w.  Dat.) 

feather, 

penna. 

plunge, 

demerge,  3. 

hang, 

suspends,  3. 

propose, 

prOponO,  3, 

jackdaw. 

graculus,  I. 

river, 

fluvius,  i. 

lead. 

duco,  3. 

tree, 

arbor,  bris.  f . 

life. 

vita. 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English  : 

1.  Pater  emit  flores.  2.  Mater  vendebat  pavonem.  3. 
Mures  ludebant  in  silva.  4.  Duo  catull,  Nero  et  Phylax, 
conspiciunt  os.  Amici  pugnam  committunt.  Fluebat  solum 
sanguine.  Tandem  Phylax  Neronem  fugat.  Sed  dum  pH- 
gnant,  alius  catulus  os  surripit.     5.  Vulpecula  callida  tentabat 


48  LATIN"    PRIMER. 

gallum  decipere.  Laetum,  in  quit,  accipite  nuntium,  o  galli 
et  gallinae.  Descendite.  Jjibenter  iiuntium  accipio,  re- 
spondet  gallus.  Dam  descendunt,  catulus  accurrit.  Cito 
aufiigit  vulpecula.  6.  Puer  improbus  decipiebat  pastures. 
Tandem  lupus  irrumpit.  Lupus  accedit,  clamat  puer.  Sed 
nemo  accurrit.  Tertium  nos  decipit,  inquiunt  pastores.  7. 
Equus  gerebat  bellum  cum  cervo.  Auxilium  petit  ab  homine. 
Hominis  auxilio  equus  cervum  vincit.  Sed  equitis  servus 
miseram  yitam  vivit. 

/^ 

II.  Translate  into  Latin : 

1.  The  son  likes-to-receive  [receives  willingly]  books  from 
(a)  the  father.  2.  The  mice  proposed  many-things  {multa), 
but  nothing  pleased.  3.  Lead  (PI.)  the  horse  to  water.  4. 
The  sheplierd  was  hanging  the  wolf  from  {de  w.  Abl. )  a  treeJI 
5.  Draw  the  arrow  out  {e)  of  the  frog's  leg.  6.  I  was  cut- 
ting wood  (logs)  in  a  forest.  Why  are  you  cutting  wood  ? 
asked  the  farmer.  The  wood  is  mine.  7.  The  bat  perceived 
the  danger.  8.  The  carpenter  Avas-plunging  himself  {se)  into 
the  river.     9.  The  jackdaw  collects  feathers,    v 

S7 •  Amicus  certus  in  re  incerta  cernitur. 

A  ticklish  test  to  try  a  trusty  friend. 

Duo  amici  una  f aciunt  iter.    Occurrit  in  itinere  ursus.    Alter 
arborem  conscendit  etpericulum  evitat :  alter,  cum  meminisset 

as      he-nmembered. 

illam  bestiam  cadavera  non  attingere,   humi  sese  prosternit 

tliat  See  §  155.1       on-the-ground 

animamque   continet   se   mortuum   esse   simulans.      Accedit 

himself 

ursus,  contrectat  jacentem,  os  suum  ad  hominis  os  auresque 

him-iying  ears-too 

admovet ;   cadaver   esse   ratus,  discedit.     Postea  cum   socius 

reckoning  as 

quaereret  quidnam   ei   ursus   dixisset  in   aurem,   respondit  : 

asked  what       to-him  had-said  ear  answered 

Monuit    ne         conflderem         amico  cujus     fidem      adverse 

warned     that-not  I-shoiild-put-full-faith-in  whose    faithfulness     in-adverse 

tempore        non  essem  expertus. 

time  (adversity)  I  had  tried. 


MUTE   STEMS. 


49 


XVI.  MUTE  STEMS  OF  THIRD  DECLENSION. 


58, 


C— MUTE  STEMS. 


1.  All  tnasciilines  and  femiuines  of  mute  stems 
have  s  in  the  Nominative. 

2.  Most  mute  stems  of  more  than  two  syllables  change 
their  final  vowel  i  into  e  in  the  Nominative. 

3.  A  K-mute  combining  with  s  becomes  x,  as  : 

pac-s  =  pax,  peace ;  reg-s  =  rex,  king. 

A  T-mute  before  s  is  dropped,  as  : 

aetat-s  =  aetas,  age  ;  ped-s  =  pes,  foot. 

4.  Mute  stems  of  one  syllable  that  have  a  consonant  before 
the  mute,  form  the  Gen.  Plur.  in  -ium.  So  do  others  occa- 
sionally. 


s 

Sing.— N. 


1^-mute. 
princep-s,  prince,  chief,  m. 
/         vj.      princip-is, 
'I        D.      princip-i, 
Acc.  princip-em, 
Voc.  princep-s, 
Abl.  princip-e. 

Plur. — N.  princip-es, 
G.  princip-um, 
Dat.  princip-ibus, 
Acc.  princip-es, 
Voc.  princip-es, 
Abl.  princip-ibus. 


K-mute. 
rex,       king. 
reg-is, 
reg-i, 
reg-em, 
rex, 
reg-e. 

reg-es, 

reg-um, 

reg-ibus, 

reg-es, 

reg-es, 

reg-ibus. 


T-mute. 
aetas,     age, 
aetatis, 
aetat-i, 
aetat-em, 
aetas, 
aetat-e. 

aetat-es, 

aetat-um, 

aetat-ibus, 

aetat-es, 

aetat-es, 

aetat-ibus. 


f. 


Sing. 


-N.  urb-s, 
G.  urb-is, 
D.  urb-i, 
Acc.  urb-em, 
Voc.  urb-s, 
Abl.  urb-e. 
8 


city,  t. 


arx,  citadel,  t.  pars,      share, 
arc-is,  part-is,  [part.  f. 

arc-i,  part-i, 

arc-em,  part-cm, 

arx,  pars, 

arce.  part-e. 


60 


LATIl^    PRIMER. 


Plur.- 


-K 

urb-es, 

arc-es, 

part-es, 

G. 

urb-ium, 

arc-ium, 

part-ium, 

D. 

urb-ibus, 

arc-ibus, 

part-ibus, 

Ace. 

urb-es, 

arc-es, 

part-es, 

Voc. 

urb-es, 

arc-es, 

part-es. 

Abl. 

urb-ibus. 

arc-ibus. 

part-ibus. 

liule   of    Gender. — Mute-stems    are   largely   feminine, 
unless  males  are  meant. 


SO. 


VOCABUL A  RY 


V-mute. 

1^-mute. 

stirps,  f. 

stocJc,  splinter. 

custos,  odis,  m 

I.     keeper. 

K-mute. 

dens,  dentiSj  m.     tooth. 

culex,  icis,  m 

I.         g7iat. 

juventus,  utis, 

f.   youth,  (time  of  life). 

grex,  gregis, 

m.      flock. 

miles,  itis,  m. 

soldier. 

pax,  pacis,  f. 

peace. 

mors,  mortis,  : 

I     death. 

vox,  v5cis,  f . 

voice. 

pes,  pedis,  m. 

foot. 

senectus,  utis. 

f .    old  age. 

voluptas,  atis, 

f.  pleasure. 

acutus,  a,  um 

,         sharp. 

fatigatus,  a,  um,  fatigued. 

clarus,  a,  unij 

,          loud. 

iter,  itineris,  n. 

.  Journey,  icay. 

condo,  3. 

build,  found. 

miseria. 

wretchedness,  misery. 

corripio,  3. 

seize. 

pasco,  3. 

feed. 

cre5,  1. 

create,  make. 

repute,  1. 

consider. 

de  (prep.  w.  Abl.),  down  from. 

Roma, 

Home. 

depono,  3, 

lay  down. 

simius,  I. 

ape,  monJcey. 

award, 

tribub,  3. 

law,           / 

lex,  legis,  f. 

booty, 

praeda. 

liberty, 

libertas,  atis,  f. 

companion, 

comes,  itis,  m.  &  f.     marsh. 

palus,  udis,  f. 

country, 

patria. 

praise. 

laus,  laudis,  f. 

crop, 

segesj  etis,  f. 

stone. 

lapis,  idis,  m. 

defend. 

defendo,  o. 

storm. 

tempestas,  atis,  f. 

foot-soldier, 

pedes,  itiSj  m. 

surround, 

cingo,  3. 

give-way, 

cedo,  3.  (with  Dat.).  take. 

sumoj  3. 

greatest, 

maximus,  a,  um. 

wish, 

voluntas,  atis,  f. 

judge. 

jiidex,  icis,  m. 

wound. 

vulnus,  eris,  n. 

just, 

Justus,  a,  um. 

mute  stems  of  third  declension.  51 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English: 

1.  Romulus  urbem  Romam  condit.  2.  Bestiae  simium 
regem  creaverunt.  3.  In  pace  para  bellum.  4.  Vitate  dolOsas 
Yoluptates.  5.  Mus  habebat  acutos  denies.  6.  Puer  impro- 
bus  patris  gregem  pascebat.  7.  Venator  stirpem  ex  pede  suo 
extrahit.  8.  Custodes  colubrum  corripiunt.  9.  Passer  calli- 
dus  capit  culicem ;  culex  clamayifc  :  Reputa  juventutem  meara. 
10.  Avus  meus  fatigatus  oncre  et  itinere  deponit  ligna,  sene- 
ctutis  miserias  reputat,  clara  voce  mortem  inyocat. 

H.  Translate  into  Latin: 

1.  The  city  liad  very-large  and  magnificent  gates.  2.  Great 
marshes  surround  the  city.  3.  Men  award  i^raise  to  a  just 
judge.  4.  Soldiers  !  defend  country  and  liberty.  5.  We  give 
way  to  thy  wish^v  6.  The  boys  pelt  the  frogs  with  stones. 
7.  The  storm  was-doing-damage  (noceO)  to  the  crop.  8.  The 
lion  takes  the  greatest  part  of  the  booty.  9.  The  foot-soldiers 
received  many  wounds  from  (ab)  the  horsemen.  10.  Obey  the 
law,  my  (o)  companions. 

60.  Climax. 

Passer  callidus  ceperat  culicem.     Culex  clamabat  :  concede 

had  caught 

mihi  vitam,  oro  te.     Reputa  juventutem  meam.     Non  ita, 

to-me  thee  eo 

respondet  ille,  devorabo  te  ;  nam  ego  sum  magnus,  tu  es  par- 

thnt-one 

vus.     Passerem  edentem  conspicit  accipiter  et  cito  unguibus 

eatiiiif  talonsj 

(orripit.     Tum  passer  clamavit.     Cur  me  necas  ?     Nihil  pec- 
Then  Why   me 

cavi.  Parce.  Non  ita,  respondet  accipiter,  devorabo  te :  nam 
ego  sum  magnus,  tu  es  parvus.  Dum  accipiter  passerem 
dilacerat,  subito  ex  acre  devolat  vultur  et  corripit  accipitrem. 

mangles       suddenly 


52  LATIIS^   PRIMER. 

Magne  rex,  clamat  accipiter,  mitte  iram  tuam  et  redde  mihi 

forego 

llbertatem.     Non  ita,  respondet  ille,  deyorabo  te  :  nam  ego 
sum  magnus,  tu  es  parvus.     Ita  loquens  praedam  dilaniat. 

speaking 

Repente  superbo  collum  perforat  sagitta,  quam  venator  e  pro- 

W'hich  hard 

pinquo  emiserat.     Cur  me  interficis  ?  clamat  vultur  moribun- 

by  had-shot. 

dus.     Nunquam  tibi   nocui.     Jure   te    interficio,   respondet 

never         to-thec  With-right 

venator  ;  nam  ego  sum  magnus,  tu  es  parvus. 


XVII.  VOWEL  STEMS  OF  THIRD  DECLENSION. 

1.  VOWEL  STEMS  IN  I. 
(Parisyllabic  Vowel  Stems.) 

61.  Masculines  and  feminines  form  their  Nom- 
inative in  s. 

Some  feminines  change,  in  the  Nominative,  the  stem 
vowel  into  e. 

Neuters  change,  in  the  Nominative,  the  stem  vowel  i 
into  e.  This  e  is  generally  dropped  after  1  and  r  in  neu- 
ters of  more  than  two  syllables. 

All  stems  in  i  have  Genitive  Plural  in  -ium. 

All  neuter  stems  in  i  have  the  Ablative  Singular  in  1, 
and  Nominative  Plural  in  -ia. 

Remark.— Nominatives  in  -is  and  -es  come  either  from  -i  stems  or  from  consonant- 
stems. 

Consonant-stems  with  Nom.  in  -is  and-es  have  one  syllable  more  in  the  Genitive  and 
are  said  to  increase  in  the  Genitive. 

Vowel-stems  in  -i  do  not  increase  in  the  Genitive. 

Consonant:  lapis,  c«/one;  Genitive,  lapid-is.  miles,  .'0^<Zi«r/ Genitive,  mllit-is. 
-    Vowel :  civis,  citizen.  civis.        niibSs,  doud.  nubis. 


VOWEL  STEMS   OF   THIKD   DECLEiNSIOK. 


53 


62. 


M. 

F. 

F. 

Sing.— N. 

colli-s,  MIL 

turri-s,  tower. 

vulpes,  fox. 

G. 

collis, 

turris, 

vulpis. 

D. 

colli, 

turri, 

vulpi. 

Ac. 

collem, 

turrem  (turri-m); 

vulpem, 

V. 

colli-s, 

turri-s, 

vulpes, 

Abl. 

colle. 

turre  (tuni). 

vulpe. 

Plue.— N. 

coUeSj 

turres, 

vulpes, 

G. 

colli-um, 

turri-um. 

vulpi-um, 

D. 

colli-bus, 

turri-bus, 

vulpi-bus, 

Ac. 

colles, 

turres, 

vulpes, 

V. 

colles, 

tujnres, 

vulpes. 

Abl. 

colli-bus. 

turri-bus. 

vulpi-bus. 

{being. 

SlNG.- 

-N.  A.  V. 

mare,  sea. 

animzd,  animal,  living 

G. 

maris. 

animalis, 

D.  and  Abl. 

mzori. 

auimali. 

Plur.- 

-N.  A.  V. 

mari-a. 

animali-a. 

G. 

mari-um, 

animali-um. 

D.  and  Abl. 

mari-bus. 

animali-bus. 

2.  VOWEL  STEMS  IN  U.  -^ 

03*  Of  stems  in  u,  only  those  of  one  syllable  belong 
to  the  Third  Declension. 

grus,  crane  (fera.). 

Sing. — N.  gius,  Plur. — gru-es, 

G.  gru-is,  gru-um, 

D.  gru-i,  gru-ibus, 

Ac.  gru-em,  gru-es, 

V.  grus,  gru-es, 

Abl.  gru-e.  gru-ibus. 

Rule  of  Gender. — Stems  in  -i  are  for  the  most  part  feminine, 
witli  numerous  exceptions  when  the  Nominative  ends  in  -is. 

See  p.  94  for  exceptions. 

Mule  of  Syntax  :     Time  When  is  put  in  the  Ablative. 

Hieme,  in  winter  time. 

TertiO  mense,  in  the  third  month. 


64 


LATIN^   PRIMEK. 


64. 


Vo  C  AB  UL  ARY 


I-stems. 


avis,  f. 
canis,  c. 
fascis,  m. 
feles,  f. 
hostis,  c. 
ovis,  f. 
pellis,  f. 


bird. 


fagot, 
cat. 
enemy, 
sheep, 
skin,  fleece. 


adsum  (ad  +  sum), 


)e  present 
present 


here, 
^If. 


clamor,  oris,  m. 
cur  ? 
dolus,  i, 
dominus,  i, 
inter  (prep.  w.  Ace 
mox, 
nuntid,  1. 
praedic5,  1. 

pr5 ! 

prdmitto,  3. 
proximus,  a,  um, 
repeto,  3. 
suaviter, 
tego,  3. 
tollo,  3. 
umerus,  i, 


cry. 
why  ? 
triclc. 
master. 
,),  among, 
presently, 
announce, 
proclaim, 

boast. 
0! 

promise, 
next, 
repeat, 
sweetly, 
cover, 
raise,  lift, 
shoulder. 


cudgel, 

drive-away, 

fear, 

fire, 

lay-waste, 

lofty, 


fastis,  is,  m. 
abigo,  3. 
timed,  2. 
ignis,  is  J  111. 
vasto,  1. 
altus,  a,  um. 


one,  unus,  a,  um. 

region,  regio,  onis,  f. 

serpent,  serpens,  ntis,  m.  and  f. 

stall,  bovile,  is,  n. 


Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English : 

1.  Dum  canes  pugnant,  feles  surripit  os.  2.  Aves  suaviter 
caiitant.  3.  Fugitivns  asinus  yidet  in  silva  pellem  leonis. 
Corpus  pelle  tegit.  4.  Laetum  accipite  nuntium,  inquit 
Yulpes.  Est  pax  inter  animalia.  Ambulant  cum  leonibus 
cervi,  cum  lupis  oves,  cum  felibus  mures.  Dum  laetum 
praedicat  nuntium,  canis  accurrit.  Alius  nuntiabit  cani, 
inquit  vulpes.  /'\5.  Puer  improbus  clamorem  tollit  :  Lupus 
adest.     Accurrunt  rustic!.     Proximo  mense   dolum  repetit. 


VOWEL   STEMS   OF  THIRD   DECLEKSIO]S^.  55 

Tandem  lupus  in  gregem  ovium  innimpit  et  multiis  oves 
dilaniat.  G.  Lupus  grui  praeniium  prOniittit.  7.  Venator 
fascem  in  umeros  toUit.  Fatlgatus  Mortem  invocat.  Mox 
Mors  adcst.  Cur  me  inyocas  ?  Pro  !  lignomm  fascem  in 
nmeros  meos  tolle.  8.  Feles  hostis  est  avium.  9.  Dominus 
avem  a  fele  liberavit. 

H.  Translate  into  Latin : 

1.  A  serpent  was  laying- waste  the  beantiful  country  [re- 
gion]. Hercules  overcomes  the  serpent  with  fire.  2.  The 
servants  cleanse  the  stalls  with  water.  3.  One  wolf  does  not 
fear  many  sheep.  4.  The  dog  is  the  enemy  of  the  race  of  cats. 
5.-The  good  shepherd  i^reserved  [his]  sheep  from  (a)  the 
dogs.  G.  The  animals  make  the  monkey  [their]  king.  7. 
The  bad  king  surrounds  the  city  with  lofty  towers.  8.  The 
shepherds  drive-away  the  wolf  with  cudgels.  9.  The  enemy 
(PI.)  throw  (dtjicio)  the  citizens  from  the  tower  into  the  sea. 

Go,  RGsticus  et  canis  fidelis. 

Rusticus  in  agros  exiit  ad  opus  suum.     FTliolum,  qui  in 

went-forth  LitUe-son        who 

cunis  jacebat,  reliquit  can!  fidelT  atque  valido  custodiendum. 

he-left  faithful    and  to-be-guarded. 

Arrepsit   anguis   immanis,   qui   puerulum   exstincturus   erat. 

crept-up  monstrous  about-to-kill 

Sed  custos  fidelis  corripit  eum  dentibus  acutis  et  dum  eum 

him  '^ 

necare  studet,  cunas  simul  evertit  super  exstinctum  anguem. 

is-trying  killed 

Paulo  post  ex  arvo  rediit  agi'icola :  cum  cunas  eversas  cruen- 

returned  as  upset 

tumque  rictum  videret,  ira  accenditur.     Temere  igitur  custo- 

and  jaws         he  paw  lie-is-fired 

dem  filioll  interficit  ligone,  quem  manibus  tenebat.     Sed  ubi 

which  in  (his)  hands  when 

cunas  restituit,  super  anguem  occisum  repperit  puerum  vivum 

he  righted  slain  he-found 

et  incolumem.     Paenitentia  sera  fuit. 

unhurt. 


56  LATIK    PRIMER. 

XVIII.  ADJECTIVES  OF  THIRD  DECLENSION. 

6*6*.  The  declension  of  Adjectives  of  the  Third 
JJeclension  follows  the  rules  given  for  the  substantives. 

I.— Vowel  Stems. 

07 •  Several  stems  in  -i  drop  the  -i  and  insert  §  before 
r  in  the  Nominative  Masculine.  Stem  acri-,  acr-,  Nom.  Masc. 
acer. 


Masc.  and  Fem, 


Neuter.       Masc. 


Fem.  Neuteb. 


Sing. — N.  facili-s,  e^sy,  ^oo^-  facile,  acer,     sharpy      acri-s,  acre, 

G.  facilis,     [natured.  acris,     [keen. 

D.  facili,  acri, 

Ac.  facilem,  facile,  acrem,  acre, 

V.  facili-s,  facile,  acer,  acri-s,  acre, 

Abl.  facili.  acri. 


Plur. 


■N. 

faciles, 

faciU-a, 

acres. 

acri-a; 

G. 

facili-um. 

acri-um. 

D. 

facili-bus, 

acri-bus, . 

Ac. 

faciles, 

faciU-a, 

acres. 

acri-a, 

V. 

faciles, 

facili-a, 

acres. 

acri-a, 

Abl. 

facili-bus. 

acri-bus. 

' 

II. — Consonant  Stems. 


68.  The  consonant  stems  have  the  same  forms  in  all 
the  genders,  except  that  in  the  Accusative  Singular,  and  in 
the  Nominative,  Accusative,  and  Vocative  Plural,  the  neuter 
is  distinguished  from  the  masculine  and  feminine. 


M.  and  F.           N. 

M.  and  F.             N. 

M.  and  F. 

Sing.— N. 

fglix,  lucky,    fglix, 

prudgns,  ^v^se,  prudSns, 

vetus,  old. 

G. 

fSlic-is, 

prudentis, 

veter-is. 

D. 

fellc-I, 

prudent- i, 

veter-i. 

Ac. 

felic-em,         fglix, 

prudent  em,     prudens, 

veter-em. 

V. 

fglix, 

prudgns. 

vetus, 

Abl 

.  f6llc-i  (a::d  -e). 

prudent-i  (and  e). 

veter-e  (or  D. 

vetus, 


vetus. 


ADJECTIVES   OF   THIRD   DECLENSION'. 


M.  and  F.  N.  M.  and  F.  N.  M.  and  F.  N. 

Plur— N.    f  Slices,  fellcia,  prudent  63,     prtidentia,  veter-5s,         veter-a, 
G.     fsilc-ium,  prudeat-ium,  veter-um, 

D.     fSilc-ibus,  prudent-ibus,  veter-ibus, 

Ac.  feilc-Ss,  fellcia,  prudent-Ss,     prudentia,  veter-6s,         veter-a, 

V.    feilc  63,  fellcia,  prMent-gs,     prudentia,  veter-Ss,         veter-a, 
Abl.  fsilc-ibus.  prudent- ibus.  veter-ibus. 

1.  In  the  Ablative  Singular  the  consonant  steins  have  i  and  e — when 
used  as  adjectives  commonly  I  j  when  used  as  substantives  commonly  e. 

The  participles,  as  such,  have  e  ;  but  used  as  nouns  or  adjectives 
either  e  or  \  with  tendency  to  i. 

2.  In  the  Genitive  Plural  the  consonant  stems  have  :  -ium,  when  the 
stem-consonant  is  preceded  by  a  long  vowel  or  a  consonant ;  -una,  when 
the  stem-consonant  is  preceded  by  a  short  vowel. 


6\9. 


Vocabulary. 
Adjectives  of  Third  Dcclejmon. 


crudeUs,  e, 

cruel. 

mendas,  acis, 

lying. 

debilis,  e, 

weak,  disabled. 

omnis,  e. 

all. 

dives,  itis, 

rich. 

pauper,  eris, 

poor. 

fidelis,  e, 

faithful. 

perutilis,  e, 

very  useful. 

gravis,  e, 

heavy,  severe. 

petulans,  ntis. 

saucy. 

immemor,  is,        unmindful. 

sapiens,  ntis. 

wise. 

ingens,  ntis, 

1          huge,  great. 

lurpis,  e, 

foul,  disgraceful. 

innocens,  ntis,     harmless,  innocent 

bibo,  3. 

drink. 

Oiliciiim,  I, 

duty,  service. 

colo.  3. 

honor,  worship. 

poena; 

punishment. 

constantia, 

firmness. 

praestOj  1. 

perform. 

foedo,  1. 

pollute. 

summus,  a,  um 

,  highest,  greatest. 

oculus,  i, 

eye. 

tolero,  1. 

-7 
pluck-frora. 

endure. 

brave. 

fortis,  e.           ^ 

eripio,  3  (w.  Dat.). 

equal. 

par,  paris. 

poison, 

venenum,  i. 

fat, 

pinguis,  e. 

precept. 

praeceptum,  I. 

fortune, 

fortiina. 

ring-through. 

persono,  1. 

green. 

viridis,  e. 

sad, 

tristis,  e. 

grove. 

nemus,  oris,  n. 

slender. 

gracilis,  e. 

help, 

adjuvo,  1  (w.  Ace). 

spare, 

parco,  3  (w.  Dat.). 

mindful. 

memor,  is. 

sweet. 

suavis,  e. 

mortal. 

capitalis,  e. 

unhappy, 

infellx,  icis 

58  LATIK    PRIMER. 

EXER  CI  SE  S. 
I.  Translate  into  English  : 

1.  Pueri  petulantes  veterem  oratorem  ludunt.  2.  Mater 
acrem  dolorem  summa  constantia  tolerabat.  3.  Leo  debilem 
pedem  tollit.  4.  Meiidacium  liominum  consilia  sunt  fallacia. 
5.  Venator  innocent!  cam  parcit.  0.  Viros  sapientes  debe- 
mus  colere.  (l.  Kex  custodi  fidt4l  summam  tribuit  laudem. ) 
8.  Gives  infelices  crtideli  regi  parent.  9.  Ociill  fideles  ho- 
minibus  perutile  officium  praestant.  10.  Dominus  benevolus 
infelicem  servum  gravi  pdena  liberat.  11.  Servi  officii  imme- 
niores  vinum  vetus  bibimt.  12.  Deus  omnia  commoda  bo- 
minibus  tribuit.  13.  Divitibus  molestae  sunt  pauperum 
querelae.  14.  Saepe  summi  imperatores  ingentem  gloriam 
turpi  crudelitate  foedaverunt. 

H.  Translate  into  Latin : 

A.  1.  The  birds  pluck  the  feathers  from  (Dat.)  the  impu- 
dent jackdaw.  2.  Cats  are  mortal  enemies  of  all  birds.  3. 
The  ciliel  wolf  will  deprive  the  good-natured  crane  of  the 
reward.  4.  The  cat  spares  tlie  lying  bat.  5.  My  [o)  father, 
you  are  receiving  sad  news.  G.  The  stag  was  blaming  [his] 
slender  legs. 

B.  1.  The  wolves  will  devour  the  fat  sheep.  2.  The  active 
[sharp]  poison  is  torturing  the  unhappy  man.  3.  The  sweet 
voices  of  birds  ring-through  the  green  grove.  4.  Fortune 
helps  the  brave.  5.  Be  ye  mindful  of  my  precepts.  6.  The 
labors  are  equal,  the  rewards  are  not  equal. 


XIX.  COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES. 

70,  The  degrees  of  comparison  are  :    Positive, 
Comparative,  and  Superlative. 

The   Comparative  is   formed  by  adding  to  the  consonant 


COMPARISON   OF   ADJECTIVES. 


59 


stems  the  cndiiigG  -ior  for  the  masculine  and  feminine,  and 
-ius  for  the  neuter. 

The  Superlative  is  formed  by  adding  to  the  consonant 
stems  the  endings  -issimus,  -a,  -um. 

Vowel-stems,  before  forming  the  Comparative  and  Superla- 
tive, drop  their  stem-vowel. 


Positive. 

altus,  -a,  um,  hlrjli, 
fortis,  -e,  hvuve, 

utilis,  -e,  'imftiU 

audax,  boUL 

prudgns,        •  ^vixe, 


71. 


Sing.- 


Plur. 


Comparative. 

Superlative. 

M. 

.  and  F.               N. 

alt-ior,  higher,    altius, 

alt-issimus,  -a,  -um,  highest. 

fort-: 

ior,               fortius, 

fort-issimus. 

util- 

ior,               util-ius, 

util-issimus. 

audac  ior,           audac  ius, 

audac-issimus. 

prudent-ior,        prudent-ius, 

prudent-issimus. 

M.  and  F. 

N. 

-N. 

altior, 

altius. 

G. 

altior-is, 

altior-is, 

D. 

altior-i, 

altior-i, 

Ac. 

altior-em, 

altius. 

V. 

altior, 

altius, 

Abl. 

altior-e  and  -i. 

altior-e,  and  -i. 

-N. 

altior-es, 

altior-a. 

G. 

altior-um, 

altior-um, 

D. 

altior-ibus, 

altior-ibus. 

Ac. 

altior-es, 

altior-a. 

V. 

altiSr-es, 

altior-a, 

Abl. 

altior-ibus. 

altiOr-ibus. 

Peculiarities, 
72*      1.  Adjectives  in  -er  form  the  Superlative  by  adding 
directly  to  the  Nominative  Masculine. 


Positive. 
miser,  -a,  -um,       wretched. 
celer,  -is,  -e,  swift. 

acer,  acris,  acre,  sharp. 


Comparative. 


vetus, 


old. 


miser-ior, 

celer-ior, 

acr-ior, 

( veter-ior, 

■(  vetust-ior, 


miser-ius, 

celer-ius, 

acr-ius, 

veter-ius, 

vetust-ius, 


Suterlative. 

miser-rimus. 
C3ler-rimus. 
acer-rimus. 

ve  er-.imus. 


maturas,  ripe,  sometimes  mfitur-rimus. 


60 


LATIJ^    PKIMLR. 


2.  Six  adjectives  in  -ills  form  the  Superlative  by  dropping  the  stem- 
vowel  and  adding  -limus. 

facilis,  easy ;  difficilis,  hard;  similis,  like ;  dissimilis,  urilike ;  gracilis,  slender ; 
and  humilis,  loiv. 

facilis,  Comp.  facil-ior,  Sup.  facil-limus. 

3.  The  adjectives  in  -dicus,  -ficus,  -volus,  borrow  the  Comparative  and 
Superlative  from  forms  in  -dicens,  -ficens,  and  volens. 


benevolus,  benevolent. 
maledicus,  scurrilous. 

In  like  manner  : 


Comp.  benevolentior, 
maledicentior, 


egSnus,        needy. 
providus,    far-sighted. 


egentior, 
providentior, 


Sup.  benevolentissimus. 
maledicentissimus . 


egentissimus. 
providentissimus. 


4.  Adjectives  in  -us,  preceded  by  a  vowel,  form  the  Comparative  and 
Superlative  by  means  of  magis  and  maxime,  more  and  most  : 

id5neus,.^<.  Comp.  magis  idoneus.  Sup.  maxima  idoneus. 

Remark. — Adjectives  in  -quus  are  not  included  under  this  last  rule. 

antiquus,  old.  Comp.  antiqu-ior,  Sup.  antiqu-issimus. 


73, 


Irregular  Comparisons". 


bonus, 

good. 

melior. 

melius, 

optimus. 

malus. 

bad. 

pejor, 

pejus. 

pessimus. 

magnus. 

great. 

major. 

majus. 

maximus. 

parvus, 

small. 

minor, 

minus. 

minimus. 

multus, 

much. 

S. 

plus  (no 

Dat. 

nor  Abl.), 

plurimus. 

PI. 

plurSs, 

pltira,  G 

.PI. 

plurium. 

compiares,      complura  and  -ia. 

74.  Mnles  of  Syntaoc :  1.  The  Comparative  degree 

takes  quam,  than,  or  the  Ablative  without  quam. 

Nihil  melius  est  bonitate  or  quam  bonitas,  nothing  is  better  than 
kindness. 

2.  The  Comparative  and  Superlative  degrees  take  the 
Genitive  of  the  Whole. 

Melior  mulierum,  the  better  of  the  (two)  women ;  optima  mulierum, 
the  best  of  the  women. 

Remark, — The  Superlative  vathout  a  Genitive  is  often  translated  by 
very  and  Positive,  sometimes  by  Positive  alone,  especially  with  persons. 


COMPARISOi^   OF   ADJECTIV] 


Gl 


3.  Adjectives    of    Likeness  take    the   Dative.     Similis 
and  dissimilis  nave  also  tlie  Genitive,  especially  of  Per- 


sons. 


40i 


acanthis,  idis,  f. 
ago»3. 
ann^cto,  3. 
auris,  is,  f. 
belua, 
delphinus,  i, 
elephantiis,  I, 
formica, 
longe, 


Vocabulary. 

goldfinch.  natu, 

lead.  minimus  natu, 

attach.  maximus  natu, 

ear.  nullus,  a,  um, 

heast.  patro,  1. 

dolphin.  pigritia, 

elephant.  quaestio,  onis,  f .  question. 

ant.  rideo,  2.  laugh-at 

by  far.  tintinnabulum,  i.  hell. 


hy  hirth. 

youngest. 

eldest. 

none,  no. 

perform,  perpetrate. 

laziness. 


annoyance, 

community, 

friendship, 

kingdom, 

lose. 


A 

molestia. 

civitas,  a 
amic^tia. 
regn4im,  J. 
ami^to,  3. 


maid, 

memory, 

savage, 

tenacious, 

thank. 

Exercises. 


ancilla. 
memoria. 
atrox,  ocis. 
tenai,  acis. 
grati^s  ago,  3. 


I.  Translate  into  Engrlish : 

1.  Nulla  belua  prudentior  est  quam  elephantus.  2.  Aquila 
supcrbissiina  est  avium.  3.  Acanthis  habet  pulcherrimas 
pcnnas.  4.  Asinus  est  similis  equo  sed  aures  habet  longiures.  ^ 
5.  Filius  patris  simillimus  est.  6.  Improbi  homines  miserri- 
mam  agunt  vitam.  7.  Mures  praedicabant  prudentissimum 
auctOrem  consilii.  At  maximus  natu  murium  :  Tu,  inquit, 
annccte  tintinnabulum.  "^8.  Pastor  lupum  ab  humilHma  arborc 
suspendit.  9.  Caupo  pessimum  facinus  patravit.  10.  Magister 
difficillimam  quaestionem  proponit  discipulo.  11.  Plures 
sunt  oratores  quam  poetae.  12.  Omnes  carmen  maledicentis- 
siml  poetae  ridebant.  13.  Nihil  pejus  est  quam  pigi'itia.  14. 
Omnium  imperatorum  longe  providentissimus  fuit  Fabius 
Maximus.  15.  Formica  minor  est  musca.  16.  Filiarum 
mearum  minor  natu  pulchrior  est  sorore. 


62  LATIN   PRIMER. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin  : 

A.  1.  The  impudent  (Superl.)  fellow  (homo)  was  knocking- 
at  the  door.  Depart  (discede),  said  the  saucy  (Superl.)  maid. 
2.  Charles  {Carolus)  is  the  best  of  all  the  scholars.  3.  Thy 
teacher  is  kinder  thtin  mine  was.  4.  The  savage  (Superl.) 
lion  spares  the  slave.  ^  5.  Caesar  cries  :  Lead  ye  (dtlco)  Canius 
to  execution  (mors).  I  thank  [thee],  quoth  Canius,  excellent 
[=  best]  prince.  6.  It  is  very-easy  to  give-orders  (wiper are). 
7.  Seneca  had  a  very  tenacious  memory.  8.  The  legs  of  stags 
are  very-slender. 

B.  1.  The  wretched  (Superl.)  carpenter  loses  [his]  axe 
[sccuris,  Ace.  im).  2.  Achilles  was  the  most  valiant  [=  brave] 
of  the  Greeks.  3.  Nothing  is  sweeter  than  friendship.  4. 
You  are  very- like  your  brother.  5.  The  scurrilous  (Superl.) 
servant  abuses  [his]  kind  (Superl.)  master.  6.  You  have  re- 
lieved [=  freed]  the  community  of  a  great  (Superl.)  annoy- 
ance. 7.  No  animal  is  swifter  than  the  dolphin.  8.  No  one 
is  more  fit  for  {ad  with  Ace.)  the  throne  [=  kingdom]  than 
the  eldest  son  of  the  king. 

7 
76,  Luscinia  et  acanthis. 

Luscinia  et  acanthis  ante  fenestram  in  caveis  incliisae  pen- 
shut  up 

debant.      Luscinia   cantum    jticundissimum  incipit.      Pater 

song 

f ilium  interrogat  utra  avis  tam  suaviter  canat,  et  ostendit  ei 

which  is  singing  to-him 

utramque.     Filius  statim  :  Sine  dubio,  inquit,  acanthis  ista 

both  that 

est,  quae   sonos  suavissimos  edit  ;  pennas   enim   habet  pul- 

which  for 

cherrimas.     Haec   fabula   eos  reprehendit,    qui   homines   ex 

this  those  who  by 

vestibus  et  forma  aestimant. 


FOURTH    DECLENSION. 


G3 


XX.  FOURTH  DECLENSION. 

77.  The  Fourth  Declension  embraces  only  stems 
of  two  or  more  syllables  in  -u.  The  endings  are  those  of 
the  Third  Declension :  only  in  some  cases  the  vowel  of 
the  stem  and  the  vowel  of  the  ending  blend,  sometimes 
one  or  the  other  is  dropped.  * 


Masculine. 

Neuter. 

-N.     fTMiQtVL-s,  fruit. 

PL.  fructas, 

S.  comli, 

h07'IK 

PL, 

cornu-a. 

G.     fructus,        — 

fructu-um, 

cornus, 

cornu-unij 

D.     fructu-I  (fructtl), 

fructibus, 

cornu, 

cornibus, 

Ac.    fractu-m, 

fructus, 

cornu, 

cornu-a, 

V.     fructu-s, 

fructus, 

cornil. 

cornu-a, 

Abl.  fructtL 

fructibus. 

cornu. 

cornibus. 

SlNQ. 


Remarks. — 1.  Datives  and  Ablatives  Plural  in  -ubus  occur  in  nouns  in 
-cus  (except  porticus),  and  in  tribus,  tribe  ;  artua,  joint ;  partus,  child- 
hirth  ;  portus,  harbor  ;  sinus,  fold. 

2.  Domus,  house.  Ablative  Singular,  domo  ;  Genitive  Plural,  domuum 
and  dom5nun;  Ace.  Plur.,  domus  and  domos.    Demi  means,  at  home. 

Rule  of  Gender, — Nouns  in  -us  are  masculine  ;  those  in  -u 
are  neuter. 

Exceptions. — Feminines  are  idus,  pi.  the  15th  day  of  the  month;  tribus, 
tribe  ;  porticus,  piazza  ;  acus,  needle  ;  manus,  hand  ;  domus,  house. 


78. 

Vocabulary. 

Fourth  Declension. 

facio,  3. 

make,  do. 

cantus, 

song  {singing). 

infans,  ntis. 

infant,  baby. 

conventus, 

meeting. 

iter  longum, 

forced  march. 

exercitus, 

army. 

juveniS;  is, 

youth,  young  man. 

impetus, 

attack. 

lacerti,  orum, 

arms. 

pressus, 

pressure. 

magnopere. 

greatly. 

versus, 

verse. 

omissus,  a,  um, 

omitted. 

philosophus,  i, 

philosojjher. 

belle, 

finely. 

pungo,  3. 

prick. 

delecto,  1. 

delight. 

salts,  1. 

dance,  leap. 

draco,  onis, 

dragon. 

teneo,  2. 

hold,  remember. 

exanimd,  1. 

Mil. 

*  The  Genitive  Singular  of  the  Fourth  Dcclerieiou  ends  in  -us.    (See  p.  1.5.) 

1 


64 

LATIK 

PRIMER. 

about, 

de  (with  Abl.). 

Rhodian, 

Rhodius,  a, 

carry, 

fero,  3. 

sense, 

sensus,  us. 

chariot. 

currusj  us. 

sight. 

visus,  lis. 

divide. 

divida,  3. 

take-away, 

tollo,  3. 

fear. 

metusj  VLSj 

teeth, 

morsus,  us. 

leap,  a, 

saltus,  us, 

victory, 

victoria. 

lofty, 

excelsus,  a,  um. 

wheel, 

rota. 

porch, 

porticus,  lis,  f. 

witness, 

testis,  is,  c. 

Rhodes, 

Rhodus,  i,  f. 

E  XEECISES. 

um. 


I.  Translate  into  Eiiglisli : 

1.  Acanthis  homines  cantu  delectafc.  2.  Homines  lusciniae 
cantum  magnoj^ero  laudant.  3.  In  cornu  tauri  parva  sedebat 
musca.  4.  Cervus  landabat  cornua  sua,  crura  vituperabat.  5. 
In  conventu  bestiarum  belle  saltaverat  simius.  6.  Hostes  in 
regem  impetum  acerrimum  faciunt.  ^7.'  Infans  fortissimus 
dracones  manibus  necavit.  8.  Juvenis  validissimus  leonem 
lacertorum  pressu  cxanimavit.  9.  Rex  cum  magno  exercitii 
iter  facit  in  terram  hostium.  10.  Longa  itinera  exercitui 
nocebant.  11.  Miser  poeta  pliirimos  versus  j)liilosopho  reci- 
tavit.  Omissos  versus  laudavifc  philosophus.  12.  Puella  fra- 
trem  acubus  pungit.  " 


H.  Translate  into  Latin: 

1.  A  lying  fellow  was  boasting  about  a  leap.  No  one  has 
ever  (unquam)  surpassed  my  lea]).  Of  the  leap  I  have  all  the 
Ehodians  [as]  witnesses.  [Said]  one  of  the  citizens  :  Here 
{hic),  quoth  he,  is  Rhodes,  do-your-leaping  here  [=  here  leap]. 
^2.  The  sly  driver  takes-away  the  wheels  of  the  chariot.* 
3.  The  sick  man's  hands  scarcely  {vix)  carry  food  to  [his] 
mouth.  4.  The  philosophers  used-to-walk  (Imperf.)  in  a 
lofty  porch.  5.  The  victory  of  the  army  frees  the  citizens 
from  [their]  fear.  6.  The  sight  is  the  keenest  of  all  the 
senses.  7.  The  dog  held  the  thief  with  [his]  teeth.  8.  The 
king  divides  the  city  into  {in  w.  Ace.)  wards  [=  tribes]. 


FIFTH   DECLENSION. 


65 


XXI.  FIFTH  DECLENSION. 
79.  The  stem  ends  in  e.    Nominative  in  s.* 

Masc.  and  Fem. 
Sing.— N".       die-s,  day. 


G. 

die-i, 

D. 

die-i. 

Ac. 

die-m 

V. 

die-s, 

Abl. 

die. 

die-s, 

Sing. 

re-s,  thing. 

PL. 

re-s,- 

die -rum, 

re-i. 

re-rum, 

die-bus, 

re-i, 

re-bus. 

die-s, 

re-m, 

re-s, 

die-s, 

re-s, 

re-s, 

die-bus. 

re. 

re-bus. 

Kemarks. — 1.  The  Plural  is  used  throughout  in  three  words  only:  res, 
ihing  ;  dies,  day  ;  and  in  later  Latin,  species,  appearance.  In  some  words, 
only  Nora,,  Ace,  and  Voc.  Plural  occur  ;  others  have  no  Plural  at  all. 


2.  The  stem- vowel  e,  in  the  Genitive  and  Dative  Singular,  is  long  afte, 
a  vowel  and  short  after  a  consonant,  as  species,  Genitive  speciel  j  r 
ihing,  G.  rSi. 


Rule  of  Gender. — Nouns  of  the  Fifth  Declension  are  fem- 
inine, except  dies  (which  in  the  Singular  is  of  the  common 
gender,  and  in  the  Plural  masculine),  and  the  masculine 
merldies,  mid-day. 


m 


SO. 


Vocabulary 


y 


Fifth  Declension. 

acies, 

fides, 

res  familiaris, 

res  piiblica, 

spss, 

edge,  line  of  bo 
faithfulness,  h 
estate. 

commonwealth, 
hope. 

me. 

onesty. 
state. 

occasus,  iis,        setting. 
piscis,  is,  m.        fish. 
vanus,  a,  um,      vain. 

commotion, 

count, 

face. 

motus,  us. 
numero,  1. 
facies,  el. 

aestag,  atis, 

summer. 

amnis,  is,  m. 
brevis,  e. 

river, 
short. 

frequent, 
learn. 

creber,  bra, 
disco,  3. 

brum. 

densus,  a,  um, 
dissipo,  1. 
ferus,  a,  um, 
lacus,  us, 
latro,  onis. 

thick,  dense. 

squander. 

ivild. 

lake. 

robber. 

merchant, 
night, 
practice, 
weary, 
J 

mercator,  oris, 
nox,  noctis,  f. 
iisus,  us. 
fatigo,  1. 

*  The  Genitive  Singular  of  the  Fifth  Declension  ends  in  -el.    (See  p.  15.) 


66  LATIN   PKIMER. 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English :  ' 

I.  Deus  est  domiims  omnium  reriim.  2.  0  boni  cives, 
defendite  rem  publicam.  3.  Fides  multorum  servorum  Ro- 
miinorum  magna  fuit.     4.    Spem  nostram  magnopere  fallis. 

/  5]  Acies  liostium  densa  est.     6.  Spes  hominum  saepc   sunt 
^viinae.     7.   Occasus   solis  finem  facit  diei.     8.  Aestate  dies 
longiores  sunt  quam  liieme.     9.  In  vetere  Graecia  multae  res 
piiblicae  fuerunt.     10.  Rem  familiarem  dissipavisti. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin: 

1.  ATe  praise  the  faithfulness  of  the  little  mouse.  2.  The 
long  days  weary  the  lazy  youth.  3.  In  the  winter  the  nights 
are  longer  than  the  days.  4.  I  do  not  remember  the  number 
of  the  days.  '  5.  Frequent  commotions  injured  the  states  of 
Greece.  6.  The  foolish  (Superl.)  boy  praises  the  face  of  the 
more  foolish  girl.  7.  We  learn  many  things  by  practice.  8. 
The  thief  deceived  the  merchant  by  the  appearance  of  hon- 
esty. 

m.  Miscellaneous  Examples  for  Translation: 

1.  Terra  est  mater  omnium  hominum.  2.  Hiemps  temj)us 
est  brevium  dierum  et  longarum  noctium.  3.  Magna  est 
copia  piscium  in  maribus,  amnibus,  lacubus.  4.  Socrates  sa- 
pientissimus  fuit  omnium  Graecorum.  5.  Latro  ferae  bestiae 
similior  est  quam  homini.  G.  Domus  regis  pulcherrima  et 
magnificentissima  est.  7.  Omnes  homines  peccant,  deus  nun- 
quam  peccavit.  , 


XXII.  FOURTH  CONJUGATION. 

1. 

Stem  Fokms. 

Ptxsent 
ndicalive. 
audi-o, 

Pi^eseiit                  Pel  feet 
Infiiiilive.              Indicative.                     Supine. 
audi-ro,              audi-vi,           audi-tum,  hear. 

Learn  Infinitive  ;  Indicative,  Present  and  Imperfect;  2d  person  Singu- 
lar and  Plural,  1st  Imperative,  Active. 


FOURTH   CO:N^JUGATIOSr. 


67 


82. 


Fourth  Coi^JUGATio:sr. 


The  stems  in  i  follow  in  several  forms  the  Third  Conjuga- 
tion, and  take  the  same  connecting  vowels. 


INDICATIVE. 

Hear. 
Sing. — 1.  audi-6, 

2.  audi-s, 

3.  audi-t, 

Plur. — 1.  audi-mus, 

2.  audl-tis, 

3.  audi-u-nt. 

Was  hearing. 
SiNQ. — 1.  audi-e-ba-m, 

2.  audi-e-ba-s, 

3.  audi-e-ba-.it, 

Plue. — 1.  audi-e-ba-mus, 

2.  audi-e-ba-tis, 

3.  audi-e-ba-nt. 

Shall  hear. 
Sing.— ^.  audi-a-m, 

2.  audi-e-s, 

3.  audi-e-t, 

Plur. — 1.  audi-e-mus, 

2.  audi-e-tis, 

3.  audi-e-nt. 


ACTIVE. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 
Present. 

Be  hearing,  may  hear. 

audi-a-m, 

audi-a-s, 

audi-a-t, 

audi-a-mus, 
audi-a-tis, 
audi-a-nt. 
Imperfect. 

Were  hearing,  might  hear, 
audi-re-m, 
audi-re-s, 
audi-re-t, 

audi-re-mus, 

audi-re-tis, 

audi-re-nt. 

FuTxmE. 


Sing. 
Plur. 


First. 
audij         hear  thou, 


0 


IMPERATIVE. 

Second. 

2.  audi-to,        ihmi  shall  hear. 

3.  audi-to,        he  shall  hear. 
audi-te,    hear  ye,                     2.  audi-tote,    ye  shall  hear. 

3.  audi-u-nto,  they  shall  hear, 

PARTICIPLES. 
Present.  N.  audi-e-n-s,  G.  audi-e-nt-is,  hearing. 
Future,     audi-tur-us,  -a,  -um,  about  to  hear. 


68 


lati:n^  primer. 


83. 


Fourth  Conjugation. 


INDICATIVE. 

Have  heard,  heard. 
Sing. — 1.  audi-vi, 

2.  audi-vi-sti, 

3.  audi-vi-t, 
Plur. — 1.  audi-vi-mus, 

2.  audi-vi-stis, 

3.  audi-ve-runt. 


Had  heard. 
Sing. — 1.  audi-ve-ra-m, 

2.  audi-ve-ra-s, 

3.  audi-ve-ra-t, 

Plur. — 1.  audi-ve-ra-mus, 

2.  audi-ve-ra-tis, 

3.  audi-ve-ra-nt. 

Shall  have  heard. 
Sing. — 1.  audi-ve-r-6, 

2.  audi-ve-r!-s, 

3.  audi-ve-ri-t, 
Plur. — 1.  audi-ve-ri-mus, 

2.  audi-ve-ri-tis, 

3.  audi-ve-ri-nt. 


ACTIVE. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pekfect. 

Have,  may  have,  heard. 
audi-ve-ri-m, 
audi-ve-ri-s, 
audi-ve-ri-t, 
audi-ve-rl-mus, 
audi-ve-ri-tis, 
audi-ve-ri-nt. 

Pluperfect. 

Had,  might  have,  heard. 
audi-vi-sse-m, 
audi-vi-sse-s, 
audi-vi-sse-t, 
audi-vi-sse-mus, 
audi-vi-sse-tis, 
audi-vi-sse-nt. 
Future  Perfect. 


INFINITIVE. 
Present,  audi-re,  to  hear. 
Perfect,  audi-vi-sse,  to  have  heard. 
Future,    audi-tur-um,  -am  -um,  esse,  to 


ahout  to  hear. 


GERUND. 
N.     [audi-re],         hearing,  to  hear. 
G.      audi-e-nd-i,  of  hearing. 
D.      audi-e-nd-6,  to,  for  hearing. 
Ac.   [audi-re]  (ad)  audi-e-nd-um, 

[hearing,  to  hear. 
Abl.  audi-e-nd-o,  hy  hearing. 


SUPINE. 


1.  audi-tum,  to  hear. 

3.  audi-tu,     to  hear,  in  the  hearing. 


FOURTH   COI^JUGATION. 


69 


84. 

Vocabulary. 

Fourth  Conjugation. 

custodio, 

guard. 

placide, 

calmly,  sweetly. 

dormio, 

deep. 

poculum,  i, 

cup. 

haurio, 

draw. 

puervdus,  I, 

little  hoy. 

nescio, 

not  know,  he  ignorant  of. 

ser5, 

too-late. 

oboedio, 

he  obedient,  (w.  Dat.). 

servitus,  utis, 

slavery. 

saevio, 

rage. 

sinus,  us, 

hosom. 

sentio, 

perceive,  feel. 

voluptas,  atis 

^pleasure. 

•  — 

he  a  slave,  serve. 

come  to  the  aid  of{w.  Dat. 

ServlO, 

subvenio, 

).    bounty, 

munificentia. 

venio, 

come. 

come-to. 

pervenio  ad  {w 

Ace). 
fames,  is,  f . 

algicio  (abicio)  3,    throw  away. 

hunger, 

circus,  i, 

circus,  arena. 

money, 

pecunia. 

fera, 

imld  (beast). 

school. 

schola. 

f5ns,  ntis, 

m.           fountain. 
1 

spice. 

condio,  4. 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English  :         y 

1.  Puenilus  in  matris  sinu  dormit.  2.  Ferae  saeviebant  in 
circo.  3.  Pater  f Ilio  cito  subveniebat.  4.  Dormi  placide,  o^ 
felicissime  puer.  5.  Nullum  sentis  dolorem  ?  rogavit  musca. 
6.  Puerulus  aquam  e  fonte  manu  hauriebat.  Videt  pliiloso- 
phus  et  poculum  abjicit.  7.  Multas  res  nescimus.  ^.  Oboe- 
ditote,  o  Gives,  legibus.  9.  Sero  venis  in  scholam.  10.  Non 
sentiunt  viri  fortes  in  acie  vulnera.  11.  Si  voluptati  servis, 
miseram  servitutem  servis.  12.  Canis  filium  infantem  rustic! 
custodiebat. 


II.  Translate  into  Latin  : 

1.  You  are-ignorant-of  many  things.  2.  All  men  feel  the 
bounty  of  God.  3.  The  Lacedaemonians  spiced  [their]  din- 
ner by  toil,  by  hunger,  by  thirst  (sitis  Abl.  in  4).  4.  The 
money  comes-to  my  father  by  right  (yi7 re).  5.  The  soldiers 
are  guarding  the  gates.  6.  The  lazy  boy  used -to -come 
(Imperf.)  to  {in  w.  Ace.)  school  too-late. 


PAET    II 


XXIII.  EEVIEW  OF  FIRST  AND  SECOND 
DECLENSIONS. 

8tj,  1.  Review  First  Declension. 

2.  Add  these  exceptions  : 

Dea,  goddess;  filia,  daughter  ;  ambae,  loth,  and  duae,  tico,  have  the 
form  -abus,  in  the  Dative  and  Ablative  Plural :  deabus,  filiabus,  amba- 
bus,  duabus. 

3.  Eeview  Second  Declension. 

4.  Add  these  exceptions  : 

1.)  In  the  Vocative  Singular,  ie  (je)  is  commonly  contracted  into  i  in 
proper  names  in  -ius,  -eius  (ejus),  -aius  (ajus)^  the  accent  remaining  un- 
changed ;  Antoni,  Tulli,  Gai,  Vergili.  Filius,  son,  genius,  genius,  and 
mens,  my,  form  their  Vocatives  in  like  manner  :  fill,  geni,  mi. 

2.)  Deus,  Ood,  is  irregular.  Singular  Vocative,  deus.  Plural  Nomin- 
ative dei,  dii,  (di) ;  Genitive,  deorum,  deum ;  Accusative,  deos ;  Dative 
and  Ablative  (deis),  diis  (dis). 

3.)  The  following  have  Gen.  Singular  in  ius  and  Dat.  Singular  in  i  : 

unus,     ullus,       nullus,      one,  any,  none. 

solus,    totus,       alius,        sole,  whole,  other. 

uter,  alter,  neuter,  which  of  the  two,  one  of  the  two,  neither. 
G.  utrius,  alterius,  neutrius. 

Sing. — N.      nullus,  nulla,      nullum,  none,  alius,    alia,     aliud,  other. 

G.      nullius,  nuUius,  nullius,  alius,    alius,  alius, 

D.      nuUi,  nuUi,       null!,  alii,       alii,      alii, 

Ace.  nullum,  nuUam,  nullum,  alium,  aliam,  aliud, 

Abl.  nulls,  niilla,      nullo.  alio,      alia,     alio. 

The  Plural  is  regular.  Regular  forms  of  the  G.  and  D.  sing,  occur, 
but  rarely. 

70 


THIRD    CON^JUGATION. 


71 


86. 


Vocabulary 


y 


animus,  i, 

mind. 

evito,  1. 

avoid. 

ara, 

altar. 

immolo,  1. 

sacrifice. 

Atheniensi£ 

;,  is,  Athenian. 

jactura, 

loss. 

debiUto,  1. 

weaken. 

parens,  ntis. 

c.           parent. 

Ceres,  ^ris, 

Ceres,  goddess  of  Proserpina, 

Proserpine,  daugh- 

growth. 

ter  of  Ceres. 

commercium,  I,  intercourse. 

tranquillitas 

,  atis,  f .  calmness. 

consecro,  1. 

consecrate. 
pomum,  I, 

valetudo,  inis,  f.        health. 

apple, 

mellow, 

mitis,  e. 

bring  up, 

educo,  1. 

return  thanks, 

gratias  agere. 

consulship, 

consulatus,  us. 

safety, 

salus,  utis,  fem. 

excellently. 

optime. 

traverse, 

peragra,  1. 

last. 

supremus,  a,  um. 

,  world, 

orbis  (masc.)  terrarum. 

Exercises 

I.  Translate  into  Engrlish  : 

\/  Parentes  magnificeutissima  praemia  f Iliis  et  filiabiis  do- 
nabunt.  2.  Athenienses  Cererl  et  PrOserpinae  deabus  pluri- 
mas  aras  consecrabant.  3.  Ml  fill,  evita  commercia  impro- 
borum.  /  4/  0  Cani,  tuam  animi  tranquillitatem  magiiopere 
laudamus.  5.  Mnlti  reges  fllias  siias  diis  immolavenmt.  6. 
O  boni  dl,  servate  oi)timum  imperatorem.  7.  tJnms  honiinis 
mors  rem  publicam  servavit.  8.  Alterius  cruris  jactura  valetu- 
dinem  totius  corporis  debilitabit. 


11.  Translate  into  Latin: 

1.  Why,  0  Gains  Mariiis,  hast  thou  polluted  thy  last  consul-i 
ship  with  so-much  (Superl.  of  multus)  blood  ?  2.  Thou  hast' 
brought  up  thy  elder  son  excellently,  0  Cornelius.  3.  The 
father  will  give  [his]  two  younger  daughters  mellow  (Superl.) 
apples.  4.  The  soldiers  return  thanks  to  the  gods  for  (pro 
with  Abl.)  [their]  safety.  •!  5/1  owe  everything  {omnia)  to 
my  father  alone.  6.  Hercules  traversed  the  most-distant 
{ultimus,  a  J  7im)  regions  of  the  whole  world.     7.  To  which- 


72 


LATIN    PRIMER. 


of-the-two  boys  shall  we  give  the  beautiful  (Superl.)  book  ? 
8.  The  army  of  each-of-the-two  {uterque)  generals  (Sing.)  put 
the  enemy  to  flight. 

\^^~  Here  tbe  teacher  may  take  up  Reading  Lesson  I.,  page  166. 


XXIV.  CONJUGATION  OF  Sum— FIRST  CONJUGA- 
TION—(Fii^ished). 

87.  Conjugation  of  Sum,  I  am. 

J^"  For  Indicative,  Imperative,  and  Inlinitive,  see  27. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 


Present. 


Imperfect, 


sim, 

I  he, 

essem, 

/  were  (forem), 

Sis, 

thou  he, 

esses, 

thou  wert  (fores), 

sit, 

h£,  she,  it  he. 

esset, 

he  were  (foret). 

Rimus, 

we  he, 

essemuSj 

ivG  were, 

sitis, 

you  he, 

essetis, 

•  you  were, 

sint, 

they  he. 

essent, 

they  were  (forent). 

Perfect. 

fuerim,       I  have,  may  have,  heen, 
fueris,        thou  have,  mayst  have,  heen, 
fuerit,        he  have,  may  have,  heen. 
fuerimus,  we  have,  may  have,  heen, 
fueritis,     you  have,  may  have,  heen, 
fuerintj      they  have,  may  have,  heen. 

Pluperfect. 

fuissem,     I  had,  might  have,  heen, 
fuisses,      thou  hadst,  mightst  have,  heen, 
fuisset,       he  had,  might  have,  heen. 
fuissemus,  ive  had,  might  have,  heen, 
fiiissetis,    you  had,  might  have,  been, 
fuissent,     they  had,  might  have,  heen. 


FIRST   COKJUGATIOl?'. 


73 


88. 


FiEST  Conjugation. 


iW  For  Active,  fcc  31,  32. 

PASSIVE. 

INDICATIVE. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 
Pbesent. 

^w  loved. 

Be^  may  be,  loved. 

SlNO.- 

-1. 

amo-r, 

ame-r, 

2. 

ama-ris, 

amg-ris, 

3. 

ama-tur, 

ame-tur, 

Plur.- 

— 1. 

ama-mur, 

ame-mur, 

2. 

ama-mini, 

ame-mini, 

3. 

ama-ntur. 

amc-ntur. 

laCPERFECT. 

Was  loved. 

Were,  might  be,  loved. 

SlNG.- 

-1. 

ama-ba-r, 

ama-re-r, 

2. 

ama-ba-ris, 

ama-re-ris, 

3. 

ama-ba-tur, 

ama-re-tur, 

Plue. 

— 1. 

ama-ba-mur, 

ama-r&-mur, 

2. 

ama-ba-mini, 

ama-re-mini, 

3. 

ama-ba-ntur. 

Shall  be  loved. 

ama-re-ntur. 

Future. 

SlNO.- 

-1. 

ama-bo-r, 

2. 

ama-be-ris, 

3. 

ama-bi-tur, 

Plue. 

-1. 

ama-bi-mur, 

2. 

ama-bi-mini, 

3. 

ama-bu-ntur. 

IMPERATIVE. 

First. 

Second. 

SlNO.- 

-2. 

ama-re,       be  thou 

loved.  2.  ama-tor,     thou  shall  be  lovi 

3.  ama-tor,     he  shall  be  loved. 
Plue.— 2.  ama-mini,  be  ye  loved.       3.  ama-ntor,  they  shall  be  loved. 

INFINITIVE. 
Pres.       ama-rl,  to  be  loved. 

Perf.       ama-t-um,  -am,  -um,  esse,  to  have  been  loved. 
FuT.        ama-t-um,  iri,  to  be  about  to  be  loved. 

F.  P.        ama-t-um,  -am,  -um,  fore. 

V 


74  LATIl^   PRIMEK. 

89.  /     FlEST   C0l!^JUGATI02q-. 

PASSIVE. 
INDICATIVE.  SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Perfect. 

JIave  heen  loved.  Have,  may  have,  been  loved. 

Sing. — 1.  ama-t-us,  -a,  -um,  sum,  ama-t-us,  -a,  -um,  sim, 
3.                                    es,  sis, 

3.  est,  sit, 

Plur. — 1.  ama-t-i,  -ae,  -a,       sumus,      ama-t-i,  -ae,  -a,      simus, 

2.  estis,  sitis, 

3.  sunt.  Bint, 

Pluperfect. 

Had  heen  loved.  Had,  might  have,  heen  loved. 

Sing. — 1.  ama-t-us,  -a,  -um,  eram,  ama-t-us,  -a,  -um,  essem, 

2.  eras,  esses, 

3,  erat,  esset, 

Plur. — 1.  ama-t-I,  -ae,  -a,      eramus,    ama-t-i,  -ae,  -a,      essemus, 
2. 
8. 


eratis, 

essetis. 

erant, 

essent. 

Future  Perfect. 

Shall  have  heen  loved. 
Sing. — 1.  am-a-tus,  -a,  -um,  ero, 

2.  eris, 

3.  erit, 

Plur. — 1.  ama-t-I,  -ae,  -a,      erimus, 

2.  eritis, 

3.  erunt. 


PARTICIPLES. 

Perfect.       ama-t-us,  -a,  -um,     loved. 
Gerundive,  ama-nd-us,  -a,  -um,  {one)  to  he  loved. 


AGENT  AND   INSTRUMENT.  75 

90,  Rules  of  Si/utax :  1.  Tlie  Passive  Voice  denotes 
that  the  subject  receives  the  action  of  the  verb.  • 

Active  :     Magister  laudat,  The  teacher  praises. 
Passive  :  Discipulus  laudatur,  The  pupil  is  praised. 

2.  TJie  Agent  of  the  Passive  is  put  in  the  Ablative  with  ab 
or  a  :  ab  before  vowels  and  h,  a  or  ab  before  consonants. 

Discipulus  laudatur  a  magistro,  The  pupil  is  praised  hy  the  teacher. 

3.  The  Instrument  is  put  in  the  Ablative. 

Fur  a  famulis  fustibus  mulcatur,  The  thief  is  mauled  by  the  servants 
WITH  cudgels. 

Animals  as  independent  agents  are  treated  as  persons : 

Vulpss  aleone  devorata  est,  The  fox  has  heefi  devoured  by  the  lion. 

Note. — In  English,  when  the  agent  is  not  expressed,  the  so-called 
Present  Passive  is  often  really  a  Perfect.  Hence  the  use  of  am  being,  is 
being,  to  make  the  meaning  clear.  When  the  agent  is  expressed  the  form 
is  regularly  present. 

Puella  coronatur,  The  girl  is  (being)  crowned. 
Puella  coronata  est,  The  girl  is  (has  been,  was)  crowned. 
Puella  a  matre  coronatur,  The  girl  is  (being)  croivned  by  (her)  mother. 
Puella  a  matre  coronata  est,  TJie  girl  has  been  (was)  crowned  by  her 
mother. 

91.  ^  Vocabulary. 

ceteri,  ae,  a,    the  rest,  all  the  others.        nato,  1,  sunm. 

cond6n5,  1.      grant.  percussor,  oris,  murderer. 

damno,  1.  condemn.  repudio,  1.  reject. 

examino,  1.      examine.  rostrum,  i,  beak,  bill. 

exspiro,  1.        expire.  suffoco,  1.  chohe,  drotvn. 

unda,  wave. 

pitchfork,     furca.  rejoice,  gaudeo,  2. 

wrong  (do  w.)        pecco,  1. 


76  LATIiq^   PKIMER. 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English: 

1''.  Culex  a  passere  devoratiir;  passer  ab  accipitre  dilacera- 
tur  ;  accipiter  ab  aquila  diluniatur;  aquilae  collum  a  venatore 
sagitta  perforatur.  2.  Si  bonum  regem  repudiabitis,  a  malo 
devorabimini.  3.  Cerviis  a  canibus  dilaceratur.  Exspirans 
dicit  :  Cornua  laudavi,  cornibus  necatus  sum.  /  47  Vita 
misero  vespertilioni  condonata  est.  5.  Si  iiatare  tentabis, 
imdis  suffocaberis.  Q.\  Graculus  a  ceteris  ayibus  rostris  fuga- 
tus  est.  7.  Servi  mendaces  damnantor.  8.  Percussor  exami- 
natus  est.  Ji 

II.  Translate  into  Latin : 

1.  Phylax  puts  Nero  to  flight :  Nero  is  put  to  flight  by  Phy- 
lax.  2.  The  stork  was  killing  the  frogs  ;  the  frogs  were  killed 
by  the  stork  ;  the  log  has  been  rejected  by  the  frogs.  3.  If 
you  shall  praise  your  friend,  you  will  be  praised  by  your  friend. 
4.  The  strong  farmer  put  (Perf.)  the  thief  to  flight  with  a 
pitchfork  ;  the  thief  was  stabbed  with  a  pitchfork. ^'i5.  If  the 
servant  does  wrong  [=  shall  have  done  wrong],  Ke  will  be 
beaten.  6.  The  song  of  the  nightingale  has  been  praised  by 
many  poets.    7.   If  we  are  [=  shall  be]  praised,  we  shall  rejoice. 

B^"  Reading  Lesson  II.  p.  166.  y\ 

■ • 

XXV.  SYNTAX  OF  THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD. 

92.  1.  The  Subjunctive  Mood  is  so  called  because 
it  is  usually  subjoined  (sub^un<^o,  I  subjoin)  to  another  word 
or  sentence.     When  it  stands  alone  it  is  used 

1.)  To  express  a  wish  or  2i  command.  The  commanding 
Subjunctive  is  called  the  Imperative  Subjunctive  ;  the  wish- 
ing Subjunctive  is  called  the  Optative  Subjunctive. 

Imperative  Subjunctive  :  Amemus,  let  us  tove  ;  amet,  let  Urn  love. 
Optative  Subjunctive  :      Felix  sis,  may  you  be  happy. 


SUBJUNCTIVE   MOOD.  77 

2. )  To  express  what  the  speaker  thinks  likely.     This  is  called 
the  Potential  Subjunctive. 


Potential  Subjunctive  :  Amet,  lie  may,  might,  could,  would,  should, 
must  love. 


2.  The  Imperative  Subjunctive  is  best  studied  with  the 
Imperative.     See  137. 

3.  The  Optative  Subjunctive  often  takes  the  sign  TJtinam, 
would  that. 

1.)  When  the  wish  is  for  something  future,  use  the  Present  Sub- 
junctive, with  or  without  Utinam. 

3.)  When  the  wish  is  for  something  present,  use  the  Imperfect  Sub- 
junctive, with  Utinam. 

3.)  When  the  wish  is  for  something  ;?2s^,  use  the  Pluperfect  Subjunc- 
tive, with  Utinam. 

As  the  present  and  the  past  cannot  be  changed,  wishes  for  present  and 
past  are  decided  against  the  speaker. 

4  The  Negative  of  the  Optative  Subjunctive  is  regularly 
ne. 

(Utinam)     magister     discipulos      Utinam  magister  discipulos  lauda- 

laudet,  ret, 

May  the  teacher  praise  the  scholars.    Would  that  the  teacher  praised  (were 

praising)  the  scholars. 
(Utinam)   ne    discipulos    vitupe-     Utinam  magister  discipul5s  lauda- 

ret,  visset, 

May  he  not  chide  the  scholars.  Would  that  the  teacher  had  praised 

the  scholars, 

OS.  Vocabulary. 


alibi, 

elsewhere. 

diutius, 

longer. 

ausculto,  1. 

listen. 

frauds,  1. 

cheat,     [oughly 

consider5,  1. 

consider. 

probe, 

properly,  thor- 

diligentius, 

more  carefully. 

tantum. 

so  much. 

disputo,  1. 

debate. 

vivus,  a,  um, 

alive. 

78 

y 

lati:n"  primer. 

boastful. 

gloriosus,  a,  um. 

honest. 

probus,  a,  um. 

breeze, 

aura. 

maul. 

mulco,  1. 

content, 

contentus,  a,  um. 

punishment. 

poena. 

convoke, 

convoco,  1. 

release. 

libero,  1. 

early-in-tlie- 

-morning, 

mane. 

refresh, 

recreo,  1. 

enter, 

intro  (in  w.  Ace). 

spider, 

aranea. 

exclaim. 

exclamo,  1. 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English  : 

1.  Utinam  pater  fabulam  noyam  narret.  2.  Utinam  in 
litore  maris  ambularem.  3.  Sitis  felicissimi.  4.  Utinam 
latro  vivus  cremetur.  5.  Utinam  ne  tantum  disputarent  ora- 
tores.  6.  Utinam  essem  rex.  7.  Utinam  res  diutius  consi- 
derata  csset.  8.  Utinam  j^essimus  poeta  longissimum  carmen 
alibi  recitet.  9.  Utinam  dlligentius  aiiscultavissetis.  10. 
Vespertilio  dicit  :  Ne  vivam,  si  non  j)robe  fraudavi  utramque 
felem. 


II-  Translate  into  Latin  : 

1.  The  wretched  (Siipeii.)  frogs  exclaimed  :  Wonld  that 
we  had  not  demanded  another  king.  2.  Said  the  unhappy 
(Snperl.)  fly:  Would  that  I  had  not  entered  into  the  cruel 
(Superl.)  spider's  house.  3.  Would  that  you  had  been  con- 
voked early-in-the-morning.  4.HWould  that  a  breeze  were 
refreshing  the  fatigued  traveller.  \  5.  Would  that  the  lazy 
(Superl.)  servant  were  thoroughly  mauled  by  [his]  master. 
6.  May  we  be  content.  7.\  May  the  careless  girl  be  released 
from  the  heavy  (Superl.)  punishment.  8.  May  the  boastful 
soldier  be  overcome  by  the  honest  farmer. 

Reading  I^csson  I.,  p.  167. 


PRONOUNS — SUBJUNCTIVE    MOOD.  79 

XXVI.  PRONOUNS— SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD— (Con- 

ly  tinued). 

94:. 


SUBSTANTIVE. 

POSSESSIVE. 

SlNG.- 

-N. 

ego, 

/, 

G. 

mei, 

of  me, 

meus,  -a,  -um,  mine  or  my. 

D. 

mihi, 

tOy  for  me, 

Voc.  (masc.)  mL 

Ace. 

me, 

me, 

Abl. 

me, 

from,  mth, 

by  me. 

Plur.- 

-N. 

nos, 

we, 

G. 

noatri, 
nostrum. 

of  us. 

no  star,  nostra,  nostrum,  o^ir 

D. 

nobis, 

to,  for  us. 

or  ours. 

•  Ace. 

nos, 

us. 

Abl. 

nobis, 

from,  with. 

hy  us. 

SlNG.- 

-N.  V, 

.  tu, 

thou. 

G. 

tul, 

of  thee. 

D. 

tibi, 

to,  for  thee. 

tuus,  a,  um,  thy  or  thine. 

Aec. 

te, 

thee. 

Abl. 

te. 

from,  with. 

hy  thee, 

Plue, 

-N.  V 

.  vos, 

ye  or  you. 

G. 

vestri, 

of  you. 

vester,    vestra,    vestrum, 

vestrum 

) 

D. 

vobis, 

to,  for  yoUf 

your  or  yours. 

Aec.    vos,         you, 

Abl.     v5bis,      from,  udth,  ^kyou. 

With  the  Personal  Pronouns  cum  is  put  after  the  Abl.  and  joined  with 
it.     So  mecum,  tecum,  secum,  nobiscum,  vobLscum. 

.9J.  Rules  of  Sipitax:  1.  Neuter  Adjectives  are 
freely  used  in  Latin  as  substantives  in  so-called  agree- 
ment with  their  gender  (thing).  The  Plural  is  often  used 
where  we  prefer  the  Singular. 

Multabona,  Many  good  things  (blessings). 
Plurima  mala,  (Very)  many  evil  things  (evils).    . 
Vera,  the  truth.     Onmia,  everything. 


80  LATI]^   PRIMER. 

2.  Si,  if^  is  used  with  the  Imperfect  Subjunctive,  when 
the  supposed  case  is  not  so. 

Si,  ify  is  used  with  the  Pluperfect  Subjunctive,  when 
the  supposed  case  was  not  so. 


verberar3t. 

would  be  llogginjj. 

verberavisset, 

wou)  d-have-llogge  cl. 


'  adesset, 
Dominus,        si  lie  were  present, 

The  master,        if        -  servum 

(If  the  niastcr-hc)  adfuisset,  slave 

_  he  had  been  present, 
1^"  The  common  subject  of  the  dependent  and  the  leading  clause,  is  regularly  put 
first  in  Latin. 

VO  C  A  B  ULA  R  Y. 

feign,  simulo,  1.  industrious  sedulus,  a,  um. 

gentle,  l§nis,  e.  toil,  laboro,  1. 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English. : 

I.  Utinam  ne  esses  iratus.  Si  irfitus  cssem,  non  verbera- 
reris.  2.  Utinam  Marcus  rex  esset.  Marcus,  sT  rex  esset, 
omnes  latroniJs  liberaret.  3.  Utinam  discipuli  diligentius 
auscultavissent.  Si  diligentius  auscultavissent,  maximis  a 
nobis  praemiis  donati  essent.  4.  Ayes,  si  avolavissent,  a 
Yobis  necatae  non  essent.  5.  Vespertilio,  si  nomen  servavis- 
set,  feles  non  fraudavisset.  G.  Musca  incauta,  si  rem  diutius 
consideravisset,  in  araneae  domum  non  intraret.  7.  Si  pater 
adesset,  tu  aegrotum  non  simulares.  8.  Si  omnia  mea  tecum 
asportarC'S,  non  multa  asportares. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin  : 

1.  If  you  had  toiled,  you  would  have  been  happier.  2.  If 
you  were  industrious,  you  would  be  praised.  3.  Would  that 
the  master  had  chastised  the  slave.  If  the  slave  had  been  chas- 
tised he  would  not  have  been  lazy.  4.  If  I  had  not  been 
cheated  by  you,  I  should  have  awarded  to  you  great  (Superl.) 
praise.  5.  If  the  boy  were  walking  on  the  shore,  he  would  be 
refreshed  by  tho  gentle  breeze.  6.  If  the  ship  were  in  harbor, 
the  wicked  sailors  would  not  call  on  God. 


SECOND   CON^JUGATION. 


81 


XXVII.  SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD— (Continued). 

00.  Rules  of  Sf/ntax  :  1.  Ut,  in  order  that,  takes  the 
Subjunctive  ;  the  Present  after  a  Principal  Tense,  the 
Imperfect  after  an  Historical  Tense. 

The  Principal  Tenses  are  the  Present,  Perfect  (when  translated  by 
have),  Future,  and  Future  Perfect. 

The  Historical  Tenses  are  the  Imperfect,  Perfect  (when  translated  by 
did),  and  Pluperfect. 

The  Present  Tense  is  often  treated  as  past  time  (Historical  Present). 

Instead  of  using  in  order  that,  it  is  often  much  more  natural  to  trans- 
late by  to  and  the  Infinitive. 

The  negative  of  ut,  i  i  order  that,  is  ne,  {?i  order  that  not, 
lest  {not  to). 


Devolat 

Is-flyinjj-dowii 

Devolabat 

was-rtyiug-dowu 


{  vultur 
r  vulture 


Ut 

that 


accipitrem 

hawk 


devoret,  1  g- 

he  may  devour.     I  „ 

i  M 

devoraret,        |  § 
[he  mi^'ht  devour,  J  ^ 


6rat 

is-beg<?ing 

Orabat 

was-begging 


.  vespertiliQ  felem     ut      vitam 

bat  cat        that         life 


condQnet, 

lie  spare, 

j  condonaret, 
I  he  spare  (should  i 
L     spare),  J 


Fugat 

is-puttin<,'  to  llight 

Fugavit 
pat  to  flight 


Phylax 

Phylax 


Neronem 

Nero 


ne 

lest 


camem 

flesh 


devoret. 

he  devour. 

devoraret. 

he  devour. 


Orat                  ]  fverberet,  1  g 

is-bcgging                   puella  magistrum    ne         fratrem  |  he  flog,  i  ;^ 

>      girl  master            lest             brother -1  >■  3" 

Orabat  (tliat  not)                 |  verberaret,  |  ? 

was-lx-gging              J  L  he  flog,  J  i5 


drat 

is-begging 

Orabat 

was-begging 


puella 

girl 


4* 


magistrum  ut 

master        that 


r  poena  liberetur. 
frater  from  punishment 

brother     •,         be  released. 


ne  frater     i  verberaretur. 

lest  (tbat  not)    brother     I,        be  flogged. 


82 


LATI:N"    PIlIMKIl. 


2.  Cum,  as,  since,  ivhen,  takes  tlie  Imperfect  and  Pluper- 
fect Subjunctive  when  used  of  the  Past,  the  Imperfect 
Subjunctive  when  the  action  is  going  on,  the  Pluperfect 
when  it  is  finished. 


Here  it  is  often  well  to  translate  the  Imperfect  Subjunctive  by  the 
English  Present  Participle,  and  the  Pluperfect  Subjunctive  by  the  Eng- 
lish Perfect  Participle. 


SeneK,        cum 

The  old  man,    as 
(As  the  old  man,  ho) 


(fatigaretur, 
he  was  getting  weary, 
mortem 
I  fatigatus  esset,  death 

[  he  had  become  weary, 


!  invocabat. 

was-invoking, 

invocavit. 

invoked. 


(was  for 
invoking). 


0 


Vocabulary. 


Bias,  antis,  B.  {prop.  name),   opera,  worTc,  endeavor. 

do  (dare,  dedi,  datum),  give,  put.  operam  dare,   endeavor. 


excidium,  i. 


destruction. 


reconcilio,  1.    reconcile. 


despair  (bo  in) 
distance  (at  a) 
gnaw, 
Lewis, 
nearly, 


despero,  1. 
procul. 
r5do,  3. 
liudov 
prope. 


rid  (get  rid) 

stand, 

story, 

tempest, 

toss. 


liberari. 

sto  (stare,  steti). 

fabula. 

tempestas,  atis,  f. 

jacto^  1. 


EXEIICISES. 
I.  Translate  into  English  : 

1.  Venator  sagittam  emittit  ut  vulturem  necet.  2.  Vena- 
tor sagittas  emittebat  ut  yulturem  necaret.  3.  Lupus  in  gre- 
gcm  irrumpit  ut  oyes  dilaniet.  4.  Puella  abigebat  muscas  ne 
parvulum  fratrem  cruciarent.  5,  Oxo  te  ne  simules  aegrotum. 
6.  Vespertllio  nomen  mutavit  ne  necaretur.  /7.  Pater  operam 
dat  ut  fllios  reconciliet.  8.  Bestiae  postulaverunt  ut  simius 
rex  crearetur.  9.  In  excidio  urbis,  cum  amici  Biantem  philo- 
soplium  orarent  ut  suas  res  asportaret,  recusilvit.  Omnia  mea, 
inquit,  mecum  porto.  10.  Cum  omnes  ranae  alium  regem 
postulavissent,  Juppiter  stultas  ranas  ridebat. 


SECOND   CONJUGATION.  83 

H.  Translate  into  Latin : 

1.  The  mouse  was  gnawing  the  snares  in  order  to  set  the 
lion  free.     2.  The  fox  was  standing  at  a  distance  to  keej:)  from 
being  devoured  [=  that  he  might  not  be  devoured]  by  the  lion. 
3.  The  foolish  frogs  demand  that  another  king  be  given  to 
them    (sibt).     4.  ^Thc   old  man  invoked  death  with   a  loud 
voice  to  get  rid  of  all  evils.     5.  As  we  werc-in-despair  about    ^ 
the  life  of  our  dear  mother,  we  began-to-weep  (Imperf.).     G.     >> 
As  the  ship  was  tossed  by  a  tempest  on  the  high  seas  (Sing.)     ^ 
the  sailors  called  on  God.     7.  As  Lewis  Avas  trying  to  swim,     J^ 
he  was  (Perf.)  nearly  drowned.     8.  I  begged  the  teacher  to    \ 
tell  me  a  story.     9.  AVc  begged  our  mother  to  tell  us  a  story. 

t^"  Reading  Lesson  IV.,  p.  107.  ^ 


1/ 

XXVIII.  SECOND  CONJUGATION. 

^^  For  Active,  sec  45-48  and  review  through  49. 


{)S,  Notice  1.  Very  few  verbs  of  the  Second  Conjugation  ^^ 
follow  deleo.  ^ 


So  fls-o,        fl3-re,        fle-vi,        fle-tum, 

imple-6,  imple-re,  imple-vi,  imple-tum,  fill. 

2.  Most  of  them  follow  moneo. 

3.  A  few  form  the  Supine  without  i. 

So  doce-o,  docs-re,  doc-ui,  doc-tiun,  teach. 

4.  Many  of  them  have  no  Supine. 

So  late-6,  late-re,  lat-ui,  lie  hid. 

5.  Many  of  them  change  to  the  Third  Conju- 

gation in  the  Perfect  and  Supine. 

So  move-5,  move-re,  m5v-i,  m5-tum,  move. 


84 


LATIiq^    PRIMER. 


99. 


Second  Cokjugation. 


PASSIVE. 


INDICATIVE. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 


PllKSENT. 

Am  destroyed.  Be,  may  be,  destroyed. 

Sing. — 1.  dele-o-r,  (mone-o-r,  etc.)  dele-a-r,         (mone-a-r,  etc.) 

2.  dele-ris,  dele-a-ris, 

3.  dele-tur,  dele-a-tur, 


Plur. 


-1.  dele-mur, 

2.  dele-mini, 

3.  dele-ntiir. 


dele-a-mur, 
dele-a-mini, 
dele-a-ntur. 


Impeufect. 
Was  destroyed.  Were  destroyed. 

Sing. — 1.  dele-ba-r,  (moii5-ba-r,etc.)     dele-re-r,         (mon6-re-r,  etc.) 

2.  dele-ba-ris,  dele-re-ris, 

3.  dele-ba-lur,  dele-re-tur, 


Plur.- 


-1.  dele-ba-mur, 

2.  dele-ba-mini, 

3.  dele-ba-ntur. 


dele-re-mur, 
dele-re -mini, 
dele-re-ntur. 


Future. 
Shall  he  destroyed. 
Sing. — 1.  dele-bo-r,  (moiiS-bo-r,etc.) 

2.  dele-be-ris, 

3.  dele-bi-tur, 


Plur.- 


-1.   dele-bi-mur, 

2.  dele-bi-mini, 

3,  dele-bu-ntur. 


IMPERATIVE. 

First.  Second. 

Sing.— 2.  dele-re,  ie  thou  destroy-  2.  dele-tor,  thou  shall  be  destroyed. 
(mong-re,  etc.)  [ed.    3.  dele-tor    he  shall  be  destroyed. 

Plur.— 2.  dele-mini,  be  ye  destroy-  3.  dele-ntor,  they  shall  be  destroyed. 
(monS-minl,  etc.)     [ed. 


SECOITD   CONJUQATIOK. 


85 


100. 


Second  Conjugation. 


PASSIVE 

INDICATIVE. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Perfect, 

Have 

1  been  destroyed,  icas  destroyed. 

Have,  may  have, 

been  destroyed. 

SlNG.- 

-1.  dele-t-us,  -a,  um, 

sum, 

dele-t-us,-a,  -um,       sim, 

(moni-t-us,  etc.) 

(moni-t-us,  etc.) 

2. 

es, 

sis, 

3. 

est. 

sit, 

?LUR.- 

-1.   dele-t-i,  -ae,  -a, 

sumus, 

dele-t-i,  -ae,  -a, 

simus. 

(moni-M,  etc.) 

(moni-t-i,  etc.) 

2. 

estis, 

sitis, 

3. 

simt. 

sint. 

Pluperfect. 

Had  been  destroyed. 

Had,  might  have. 

been  destroyed. 

Sixo.- 

— 1.  dele-t-us,  -a,  -um 

,  eram, 

dele-t-us,  -a,  -um,      essem, 

(moni-t-us,  etc.) 

(moni-t-us,  etc.) 

2. 

eras, 

esses, 

3. 

erat, 

esset, 

[*LUR.- 

-1.   dele-t-i, -ae,  -a, 
(moni-t-I,  etc.) 

eramus, 

dele-t-i,  -ae,  -a, 
(moni-t-i,  etc.) 

essemus. 

2. 

eratis. 

essetis. 

3. 

erant. 

essent. 

Future  Perfect. 
Shall  have  been  destroyed. 
Sing. — 1.  dele-t-us,  -a,  -um,  ero, 
(moni-t-us,  etc.) 


Plur. 


2. 

eris, 

3. 

erit. 

■1. 

dele-t-I,  -ae,  -a, 

(moni-t-I,  etc.) 

erimus, 

2. 

eritis, 

3. 

erunt. 

INFINITIVE. 
Pres,  dele-ri,  to  be  destroyed,     (monfi-rl) 

Perp.  dele-t-um,  -am,  -um,  esse,  to  have  been  destroyed,    (moni-t-um.) 
FuT.     dele-t-um,  iri,  to  be  about  to  be  destroyed,  (moni-t-um  Irl.) 
F.  Pf.  dele-t-um,  -am,  -um,  fore,     (moni-t-um,  etc.) 

PARTICIPLES. 
Perfect.        d§le-t-us,  -a,  -um,  destroyed,   (moni-t-us,  etc.) 
Gerundive,  dele-nd-us,  -a,  um,  [one]  to  be  desti'oyed.  (mone-nd-us.) 


f^-e^'^Co   iX^it 


^^ 

LATIK   PRIMER. 

c/ 

/^ 

101. 

V  0  C  A  13  U  I 

,  A  R  Y  .                ^ 

benignus,  a, 

um,        hind. 

iadutus,  a,  um, 

dressed. 

bonum,  i, 

good  thing. 

impleo,  evi,  etum, 

fill. 

fere, 

almost. 

levatio,  onis,  f. 

relief. 

gens,  ntis,  f. 

7iation,  tribe. 

lustratio,  onis,  f. 

review. 

herbosus,  a, 

17  m,        grassy. 

mundus,  i, 

Latona,               Lat 

world. 

artist, 

artifex,  icis. 

5na,  ae. 

bravely, 

fortiter. 

Lycian,               Lycius,  a,  um. 

(lispletisc. 

dispUceo,  2.  (w.  Dat.) 

silent  (be),          sileo,  2. 

employ. 

adhibeo,  2. 

thankful  (be),     gratiam  habeo. 

hold  out, 

praebeo,  2. 

various,               varius,  a,  um. 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English  : 

1.  Catulus  callidus  a  benigno  domino  permnlcetur.  2.  Miil- 
tls  hominibus  nimius  labor  nocuit.  3.  Puer  bonus  parenti- 
bus  semper  parebit.  4.  Omnes  fere  gentes  Eomanis  parue- 
runt.  5.  Militum  lustratio  ab  imperatore  liabetur.  G.  Asinus, 
leonis  pelle  indtitus,  omnes  bestias  terruit.  ^.  FuresJiYalido^ 
agricola  tenebantur.  8.  Nidus  corvcTrum  a_pu£ris^eletu^  est^ 
9.  Videte  prata  herbosa.  10.  Pavonis  imago  parvulo^puero 
placuit.  11.  Dens  mundum  omnibus  bonis  implayit.  12. 
Omnia  remedia  adliibita  sunt  sed  nullam  leratiOnem  praebue- 
runt.  "'        \»  ^ 

II.  Translate  into  Latin  : 

1.  The  Romans  emi:)lojed  (Perf.)  Greek  artists  for  {ad)  vari- 
ous works.  2.  I  shall  be  thankful  to  you,  if  you  will  be  silent. 
3.  Let  the  magistrate  warn  the  citizens.  4.  Let  the  citizens 
be  warned  by  the  magistrate.  5.  The  punishment  of  the  brave 
soldier  displeased  the  army.  6.  The  Lycian  peasants  kept  ^ 
(Perf.)  the  goddess  Latona  away  from  the  water.  The  angry 
goddess  turned  (  =  changed)  the  joeasants  into  frogs.  7.  The 
boy  bravely  held  [his]  hands  out  for  the  blows.  8. 
peace  had  injured  the  state. 

Reading  Le-son  V.,  p.  168. 


The  long 


87 


XXIX.  SECOXD  CONJUGATION— (Continued). 
102,  Use  of  the  Subjunctive,    Comp.  0o-96. 

Paradigms. 


1.     Si 

If 

Si 

If 


pater 

father 

pater 

father 


moneret, 

were  admonishing', 


parerem, 

should  obey,    (be  obedient). 


monuisset,  paruissem. 

had  admonished,    I  should  have  obeyed. 


r 


2.  Dominus 

Master 


Magister 
Teachc;r 


verberat 

Hogs 

servum  ut    praeceptis 
verberabat      ^''^^'*^    ^^^^  ^'^^  directions 
floKsed 


pareat, 

he  obey. 


pareret, 

he  should  obey,   j 


\^ 


3 

5-» 


monet  fteneant, 

admonishes  they  remember, 

discipulos  ut  praecepta  <  tenorent, 


monebat 

admonished 


Mater     puer5     malum 

Mother         to  boy         apple 


Mater 

Mother 


puero 

boy 


scholars     that  directions         they  remember, 
(should  remem- 


dat 

gives 

dedit 

gave 


ne 

lest 


ber), 

fleat, 

he  weep, 


suadet 

tries  to  persuade 

suadebat 
^  tried  to  persuade 


ne 

that  not 


.    fleretj 

he  weep  (should 
L  weep), 

''  fleat, 
he  weep, 

fleret, 

he  weep    (should 
weep). 


[I 


•6  ^ 
af3 


3.  Cum      urbs      deleretur, 

As         the  city    was  destroyed. 


matres 

mothers 


infantes       servabant. 

infants       were  preservins 


Cum    murus     urbis 

As  wall        of-city 


103. 


had  been  destroyed,    citizens 

Vocabulary.     ^ 


spe: 
des 


paired. 


admone5,  2.         admonish,  warn,  coe^l^  ITiave  begun,  I  began. 

ago,  3.  plead.  compleo,  2.  fill,  adorn. 

appropinquo,  1.    approach.  egregius,  a,  um,   excellent. 

attentat,  a,  um,   nttenlive.  jucundus,  a,  imi,  amusing,  charming. 

calculus,  i,  {stone)  piece.         Juno,  onis,  f .        consort  of  Jupiter. 

causa,  cause,  case.  misericordia,       pit^,  compassion. 


IS 

LATIN 

PEIMER. 

numero,  1. 

count 

quoque, 

also. 

parum, 

too-little,  not. 

sic, 

so. 

paulisper, 

a  little  wliile. 

templum, 

i,       temple. 

pictura, 

painting. 

trucidoj  1 

butcher. 

praebeo,  2. 

lend. 
malum,  L 

victoria, 

victory. 

apple, 

pluck-out, 

evell5,  3. 

bag, 

pera. 

question, 

interrogatum,  i. 

flee, 

fugio,  3. 

silent  be, 

taceo,  2. 

instruct, 

praecipidj  3.  (w. 

Dat.) 

stick-in. 

inhaereo,  2.  (w.  DiA.) 

old  man. 

senex,  senis. 

urge, 

suadeo,  2.  (w.  Dat.) 

E 

XE  RCISE  S. 

I.  Translate  into  English  : 

I.  Saepe  oratores  operam  dant  ut  misericordiam  moveant. 
2.  Cum  leo  caudam  moveret,  omnes  mulieres  clamabant.  3. 
Canius,  cum  videret  centurionem  appropinquantem,  numeravit 
calculOs  et  oravit  centurionem  ut  testis  esset  suae  victoriae. 
4.  Demosthenes,  cum  jMices  parum  attentos  videret,  oravit 
ut  paulisper  sib!  aures  praeberent.  5.  Gives  ut  templum 
Junonis  egregils  picturis  complerent  clarissimos  pictores  adhi- 
buerunt.  6.  Si  urbs  deleta  esset,  omnes  infantes  trucidati 
essent.  7.  Si  me  monuisses,  periculum  evitavissem.  8. 
Fugiunt  fures  ne  a  militibus  teneantur.  9.  Fugiebant  pueri 
ne  ab  irato  agricola  tenerentur.  10.  Bias,  cum  esset  admoni- 
tus  ut  res  suas  asportaret,  ridere  coepit. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin : 

1.  When  Androclus  saw  a  splinter  sticking  in  the  lion's 
paw  (=  foot),  he  tried  to  pluck  [it]  out.  2.  Marcus  Piso 
used-to-instruct  (Imperf.)  his  (suus)  servants  not  to  answer 
except  {nisi)  to  (ad)  questions.  3.  Listen,  boys,  that  I  may 
teach  you  (Ace.)  a  charming  story.  4.  The  old  man  urged 
me  not  to  injure  my  health.  5.  If  you  were  lending  me  [your] 
ears,  I  would  not  be  silent.  6.  If  I  were  accustomed  to  ask 
for  help,  I  would  try  to  move  [your]  compassion,     7.  When 


Y 

THIRD   Di^tE^fSfCW. — RULES   OF   GENDER.  89 


the  boys  had  filled  [their]  bags  with  apples,  they  began  to  run 
[=  flee],  8.  If  you  had  pleased  [your]  teacher,  you  would 
not  have  displeased  [your]  parents. 

P^  Reading  Lesson  VI.,  p.  ICS. 

XXX.— THIRD  DECLENSION.— RULES  OF  GENDER. 

104:.  Rules  of  Gender  of  the  Stems  in  1,  n,  r,  and  s. 

1.  L.  Stems  in  1  are  masculine :  sol,  sun,  solis. 

Except  the  neuters  mel,  honey,  mellis ;  fel,  gall,  fellis. 

2.  N,  I. — Masculine  are  nouns  in  -o, 

Save  those  in  -do,  -go,  and  -io, 
AVith  caro,  flesh,  but  5rdo,  card5 
Are  masculine,  with  ligo,  margo, 
Add  harpago,  and  in  -io, 
All  real  things  like  ptigio. 

Ordo,  rank;  cardo,  hinge;  ligo,  (onis)  mattock;  margo,  border; 
hairpsigd,{6ms)grappli7ig-hook;  pngiOf  dagger ;  vespertilio,  hat;  titio, 
firebrand. 

II. — Nouns  in  -en  (men)  are  neuter. 
Pecten,  comb,  is  masculine. 

3.  R.  Words  in  -er  and  or  are  masculine,  those  in  ur  neuter. 

The  only  feminine  is  arbor. 
Neuters  are  :  far,  nectar,  marmor, 
Aequor,  iter,  acer,  piper, 
Verber,  uber,  ver,  cadaver, 
Ador,  tuber,  and  papaver. 

Acer,  maple;  ador,  spelt;  aequor,  sea;  arbor,  tree;  cadaver,  dead 
body;  far,  sprit;  iter,  journey;  marmor,  marble;  nectar,  nectar; 
papaver,  poppy  ;  piper,  pepper  ;  tuber,  tumor  ;  uber,  teat  ;  ver,  spring  ; 
verbera,  blows. 


90 


LATIiq-   PRIMER. 


4.  S.  Masculine  are  nouns  in  -is  (-eris)  and  -os,  -oris. 
Except  OS,  moulh,  oris,  which  is  neuter. 

JSTeuter  are  nouns  in  us  (-eris,  6ris)  and  in  -tis,  -uris. 

Except  tellus,  eartli,  telluris,  fern. 

lepus,  hare,  leporis,  masc,  and  mus,  mouse,  muris, 
masc. 

lOo,  Mules  of  Syntaoc :  1.  By  apposition  one  sub- 
stantive is  placed  by  the  side  of  another  which  contains  it. 

Cicero  orator,  Cicero  the  orator. 

2.  The  word  in  apposition  agrees  with  the  principal 
word  in  number  and  case. 

Ciceronis  oratdris,  of  Cicero  the  orator. 

Cicerdni  orat5ri,  to  Cicero  the  orator. 

Ciceronem  oratorem,  Cicero  the  orator. 

CicerSnes  pueri,  {The  Ciccros  the  hoys)  the  little  Ciceros. 


106. 


Vocabulary. 


amoenus,  a,  um,    pleasa?it. 

latus,  eris, 

side,  fla7ik. 

celebro,  1. 

celebrate. 

natio,  onis. 

nation. 

part  of  Italy. 

objici5  (6bici5)j  3. 

oppose,  present. 

conscendo,  3. 

mou7it. 

obscurus,  a, 

um, 

obscure. 

error,  oris. 

mistake. 

origo,  inis. 

origin. 

evenio,  4. 

ensue. 

patro,  1. 

perform. 

ferus,  a,  um, 

savage. 

temere, 

rashly,  [torious. 

fessus,  a,  um, 

weary. 

victiix,  icis, 

(congueress)  vie- 

funestus,  a,  um,     fatal. 

vastus,  a,  um 

^> 

vast. 

intellego,  3. 

perceive. 
amarus,  a,  um. 

ventus,  i. 

nudus. 

wind. 

bitter. 

naked, 

a,  um. 

dale;  ^^ 

frigidus,  a,  um. 

neglected. 

neglectus,  a,  um. 

foe\i6,  1. 

raw. 

criidus,  a,  um. 

find. 

reperio,  4. 

silly. 

insulsus,  a,  um. 

meat, 

caro,  carnis. 

sweet, 

dulcis. 

,e. 

murder. 

jugulo,  1. 

unjust, 

injust 

us,  a,  um. 

RULES   OF   GEi^DEE.  91 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English  •• 

(iVfter  substituting  the  proper  form  of  the  adjectives  iu 
parentheses). 

1.  (Multus)  homines  (gratus)  m  u  r  e  m  laudant,  (pamis) 
liberatorem  (magnus)  1  e  o  n  i  s  .  2.  Cervus  moribundus 
(f  unestus)  e  r  r  o  r  e  m  intellegit.  3.  (Fessus)  v  i  a  t  o  r  e  s 
asinum  in  (vastus)  s  o  1  i  t  u  d  i  n  e  conspiciunt.  (Magnus) 
certamen  evenit.  4.  Longum  iter  (debilis)  mllitis  c  o  r  - 
p  u  s  conficiebat.  5.  (Timidus)  pastor  arborem  (altus) 
cOnsccndit  ut  (magnus)  multitudinem  latronum  evitet. 
6.  Feles  victrix  (miser)  vesp  ertilionem  corripit.  7. 
Rusticus  canem  fidelem  (acutus)  1  i  g  o  n  e  necavit.  Pacniten- 
tia  temero  (patratus)  f  a  c  i  n  o  r  i  s  sera  f  uit.  8.  Montes 
(magnus)  1  at  u  s  ventis  objiciunt.  9.  Poetae  cum  (summus) 
admiratione  hominum  v  e  r  (novus)  celebrant.  10. 
(Multus)  n  a  t  i  6  n  u  m  origo  (obscurus)  est.  11.  (Ferus) 
Scytharum  mores  Graecis  displicebant.  12.  L  i  t  u  s  Cam- 
paniae  (amoenissimus)  est 

n.  Translate  into  Latin  : 

1.  The  silly  poems  of  the  great  orator  arc  laughed  at  by 
all.  2.  King  Pyrrhus  finds  in  the  road  the  naked  corpse  of  a 
murdered  man.  3.  Many  tribes  live  on  (Abl.)  raw  meat.  4. 
The  flowers  are  very  grateful  to  the  sick  girls.  5.  Cold  ashes 
defile  the  neglected  altars  of  the  gods.  6.  The  stag  reviled 
[hisj  slender  legs.  7.  Tlie  careless  boy  licks  the  biting  joepper 
with  [his]  tongue.  8.  The  immense  size  of  the  lion  frightens 
the  spectators.  9.  The  general  refuses  to  keep  the  unjust 
treaties.     10.  Honey  is  sweet,  gall  is  bitter 


13^  Reading  Lesson  VII.,  p.  168. 


^iCt^^y^fyU 


f^^Ud^ 


92 


LATIK    PRIMER. 


107.  JPrepositions : 

tive  and  the  Accusative  : 


XXXI.  PEEPOSITIONS. 

1.  Prepositions  take  the  Abla- 


The  Ablative  for  luhence  and  ivhere, 
The  Accusative  for  'wliither', 

2.  These  ten  prepositions  take  the  Ablative  alone  : 
a  (ab),  absque,  cum,  coram, 
de,  e  (ex),  prae,  pro,  sine,  tenus. 


A,  ab,  and  abs,  off,  of,  from,  hy  (op- 
posed to  ad). 

Before  vowels  and  h,  ab  ;  before 
consonants,  a  or  ab  j  abs,  used 
chiefly  before  te,  thee. 

Absque  {off)  without  (antiquated). 

Coram,  face  to  face  with,  in  the 'pres- 
ence of. 

Cum,  with. 

De,  down  from,  from,  of  =  about. 


Ex,  e,  out  of,  from  (opposed  to  in), 
according  to,  by.  Before  vowels 
and  h,  ex.  Before  consonants,  e 
or  ex. 

Prae  J  in  front  of,  side  hy  side  with, 
for  (preventive  cause). 

Pro,  before,  for,  in  behalf  of. 

Sine,  without,  opposed  to  cum. 

Tenus  {to  the  extent  of),  as  far  as 
(occasionally  with  the  Genitive). 


3.  These  four  prepositions  take  the  Accusative  and  Ablative: 
in,         sub,         super,         subter. 


ACCUSATIVE. 

ABLATIVE. 

In, 

in. 

into,  for,  (purpose). 

in. 

Sub, 

under. 

about  (of  time), 

about  (of  time)  [rarely]. 

Super, 

over, 

over,  above, 

about  =  de. 

over  and  above. 

over  [in  prose  rarely]. 

Subter, 

under. 

under,  beneath. 

under,  beneath  [rarely]. 

W"  In  and  sub  are  often  used  with  the  Ablative  after  Verbs  of  Settin-?  and  Sitting. 

4.  All  the  other  prcj^ositions  proper  take  the  Accusative. 

Notice  for  the  present: 


Ad  J  at,  to  (opposed  to  Ab). 

Ante,  before,  facing. 

Apud  (chiefly  of  persons),  at,  near, 
in  the  presence  of,  writings  of,  at 
the  house  of,  in  the  mew  of. 

Contra,  opposite  to,  against. 

Inter,  between,  among. 


Per,  through,  by  way  of,  owing  to,  by. 

Post,  behind,  after. 

Praeter,  j9as^,  except. 

Prope,  near. 

Propter,  on  account  of. 

Trans,  across. 


PREPOSITIOIT^S.  93 

lOS.  Itule  of  Syntax:  Time  Hoio  Long  is  expressed 
by  per  with  the  Accusative,  or  by  the  simple  Accusative. 

Multos  aunos  (per  multds  aiinos),  many  years. 


Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English : 

1.  Leo  defectus  annis  recubabat  in  spelunca  sua  et  aegrum 
simulabut.  In  si^ehincam  intraverunt  complures  bestiae  ut 
regem  visitarent.  Imprudcntes  devoravit.  Accedit  etiam 
vulpes  scd  cauta  ante  speluncam  stabat.  Cur  non  in  spelun- 
cam  intras  ?  interrogavit  loo  magna  cum  comitate.  Ad  inter- 
rogatum  vulpes  :  Est  locus,  inquit,  ajmd  Horatium  :  Vestigia 
nulla  retro rsum. 

2.  Luscinia  et  acantliis  ante  fenestram  in  caveis  pendebant. 
Prope  fenestram  stabat  puerulus.  Subito  luscinia  cantum 
jucundissimum  iucipit.  Puerulus  :  Sine  dubio,  inquit,  acan- 
this  tarn  suaviter  canit  ;  nam  pennas  liabet  pulcherrimas.  Sic 
stulti  homines  (Ace.)  ex  vestibus  et  forma  aestimant. 

3.  Agricolae  deam  ab  aqua  prohibebant.  Dca  irata  impro- 
bos  agri colas  in  ranas  mutavit.  Scd  naturam  non  mutfivit. 
Nam  etiam  sub  aqua  maledicere  tentiibant. 

4.  Cum  OS  in  gutturc  haereret,  lupus  vehementer  cruciaba- 
tur.  Ad  gruem  cum  magna  contentione  currit.  Extralie, 
quaeso,  inquit,  os  e  gutturc  et  magnum  tibi  praemium  dabo. 
Cum  grus  jDraemium  postularet,  lupus  multo  cum  risu  vitu- 
perfibat  infelicissimam.  Sic  improbi  bencvolos  ante  bcneficium 
colunt,  post  bcneficium  rident. 

5.  Thraso  per  multos  annos  afuerat  (Plupf.  of  ahsum).  Post 
rcditum  in  jmtriam  multum  jactabat  facinora  sua.  Inter  alia 
ostendit  spatii  longitudinem.  Nemo,  inquit,  in  insula  EhodO 
praeter  me  tantum  spatium  superavit.  Facti  omnes  Rliodios 
testes  habeo.  tjnus  do  circulo  :  Ecus  tii.  Si  vera  narras, 
non  desideramus  RhodiOs  testes.     Hie  Rhodus,  hie  salta. 


94  LATIK    PRIMER. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin : 

A.  1.  The  mother  was  lying  in  bed.  The  son  liyed  witli  [= 
at  the  house  of]  his  (suus)  mother.  The  wolf  comes  to  the  door 
and  knocks.  The  son  answers  through  the  crack  of  the  door. 
I  have  waited  a  long  time,  said  the  wolf.  "Wait  until  {usque 
ad)  doomsday  (dies  supranus),  answers  the  son.  2.  The  mas- 
ter flogs  [his]  slave  on  account  of  laziness.  The  slave  filches 
food  on  account  of  hunger.  3.  In  India  sages  spend-their- 
Uycs  {aetciteni  ago,  3.)  naked  and  endure  {perfero,  3.)  snows 
(nix,  nivis)  without  j)ain.  If  they  are  burned  (aduro,  d.),  they 
bear  [it]  without  a  groan  (gemitus,  tis). 

B.  1.  Darius  escapes  from  Scythia  with  a  small  part  of  [his] 
army.  2.  While  the  dog  is  trying  to  kill  tlie  snake  he  turns 
the  cradle  over  on  (super)  the  baby.  3.  The  birds  are  flying 
through  the  air.  4.  We  are  in  despair  about  the  arrival  of 
our  mother.  5.  I  have  not  killed  a  frog  for  (per)  many 
years.  6.  If  you  run  [=  shall  run]  across  the  sea,  you  will 
not  change  yourself  (a)iimus),  7.  The  sisters  lived  one  year  at 
their  brother's  house. 

!^°  Reading  Lesson  VIII.,  p.  169. 


XXXII.    THIRD   DECLENSION.— THIRD  CONJUGA- 
TION—(Reviewed). 

^^  For  the  Active,  see  53-56. 

GENDER   or   I    STEMS. 

109,  Mule  of  Gender :  Of  stems  in  i,  Nominative 
in  -is,  some  are  masculine,  some  feminine.  Masculine 
are  : 

Amnis,    axis,   callis,    crinis,  Postis,    scrobis,   buris,   collis, 

liver         axle     footpath      hair  doorpost       ditch     ploughtail    hill 

Cassis,  caulis,  fascis,  finis,  Sentis,  torquis  atque  follis, 

pi.  toils     stalk      fagot       end  bramble  necklace  bellows 

Funis,  fustis,  ignis,  ensis,  Torris,  unguis,  et  annalis, 

rope      cudgel      fire     glaive  firebrand       nail             pi.  annals 

Orbis,  panis,  piscis,  mensis,  Vectis  vermis   et   canalis. 

circle     bread       fish       month  lever       worm     and    canal 


GENDER   OF   THIRD    DECLENSION.  95 

110,  Mule  of  Syntax :  To  have  may  be  expressed 
by  habere  with  the  Accusative  of  the  Thing,  or  esse,  with 
the  Dative  of  the  Person. 

amicum  habeo,    /  have  a  friend. 

est  mihi  amicus,  there  is  to  me  a  friend. 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  Engrlish  : 

A.  1.  Homo  importuniis  a  viro  nobili  postiilavit  ut  dece- 
deret,  dicens  :  Fatuo  mmquani  decedam.  At  ego  semper, 
respondet  alter.  2.  Pueri  operam  dant  ut  miserum  senem 
nive  (Nom.  nix)  contegant.  3.  Edere  debemus  ut  vivamus, 
non  vivere  ut  edamus.  4.  Saepe  (paucissimus)  pisces  in 
(magnus)  amne  reperies.  5.  Virgo  pulcherrima  (aureus) 
crines  in  nodum  colligebat.  G.  Vultur  crudelissimus  pas- 
serem  miserrimum  ungui  (acutus)  corripit.  7.  Apudvlclnum 
panis  est  pulcherrimus.  8.  Imperator  castra  in  (humilis, 
Superl.)  colle  ponebat. 

B.  1.  Si  pater  sineret,  juvenis  totum  diem  luderet  latruncu- 
lis.  2.  Si  leo  accederet,  omnes  homines  fiigcrent.  3.  Stu- 
pidus  homo,  cum  undis  suffocaretur,  clamabat :  Si  servatus 
ero,  aquam  non  attingam  priusquam  frater  me  natare  docuerit. 
4.  Frustra  DiogenI  suadent  amici  ut  f ugitlvum  servum  requi- 
rat.  Sapiens  inutilem  comitem  nunquam  requiret.  5.  Erus 
servum  molestum  (durissimus)  fuste  mulcabat.  6.  Senex  Morti 
dicit :  Tolle  mihi  in  umeros  fascem  (gravissimus).  7.  Nautae 
(longus)  funem  in  (rapidus)  amnem  de  alto  ponte  demittunt. 

H.  Translate  into  Latin  : 

1.  Tlie  master  flogs  [his]  slave  to  make  him  do  [=  that  he 
may  do]  his  (situs)  work.  2.  The  boy  kept  {aid,  3.)  a  dog 
to  bark  at  the  passers-by  {viator).  3.  As  Diogenes  was  urging 
[his]  friends  to  leave  his  {suus)  body  unburied,  [his]  friends 
asked  {peto),  that  the  body  of  [their]  dear  friend  {homo  ami- 
cissimus)  might  not  be  mangled  by  wild  beasts.     Then  quoth 


96  LATIN    PRIMER. 

he  :  Put  a  stick  {hacillum)  close  by  (pro2)ter)  me  that  I  may 
drive  off  the  wild  beasts.  G.  If  the  belly  {venler,  tris)  had 
language  it  would  abuse  [its]  master  on  account  of  [his]  cru- 
elty (crftdelitcls).  7.  As  the  wolf  was  fleeing  from  the  hunter, 
he  begged  the  cowherd  {huhulcus,  l,)  not  to  betray  an  unfor- 
tunate [creature]. 

Reading  Lesson  IX.,  p,  170. 


XXXIII.    THIED  CONJUGATION.— FORMATION  OF 
PERFECT. 

Ill,  1.  There  are  tivo  I*erfects  in  the  Active 

of  the  Third  Conjugation,  one  in  -1  and  one  in  -si. 

2.  The  form  of  the  Perfect  depends  on  the  length  of  the 
Verb-stem. 

^P~  When  the  Verb-stem  is  not  the  same  as  the  Present  stem,  it  will  be  indicated  by- 
small  capitals  thus :  tang-5,  tag  ;  tang-  being  the  Present  stem,  tag  the  Verb- 
stem. 

3.  When  the  Verb-stem  is  sJiort,  the  Perfect  ends  in  i,  as  : 

em-o,  I  buy.  em-i,         /  have  bought. 

capi-6   (cap),         I  take.  cep-i,         /  have  taken. 

j^"  The  vowel  changes  are  best  learned  at  first  by  observation. 

4.  When  the  Verb-stem  is  long,  the  Perfect  ends  in  si,  as  : 
rep-6,  1  creep.  rep-si,       1  have  crept. 

^W  But  stems  in  -nd  have  the  Perfect  in  -i. 

ascend-S.    /  mount,  ascend-i. 

5.  Some  verbs  have  a  reduplicated  Perfect.  By  Redupli- 
cation is  meant  the  repetition  of  the  first  consonant  of  the 
stem  with  a  vowel,  as  : 

cad-5,  I  fall.  cecid-i,  I  have  fallen. 

All  these  have  the  Perfec^t  in  -i. 

6.  Stems  of  the  Third  Conjugation,  like  those  of  the 


THIRD   CONJUGATION. — PERFECT.  97 

Third  Declension  (SO),  are  divided  according  to  their 
last  letter  into  : 

A.  Mute  stems  :       p  and  b  being  P-mutes. 

c  and  g  K-mutes. 

t  and  d  T-muies. 

B.  Liquid  stems  :    1,  m,  n,  r  being  liquids. 

C.  Sibilant  stems  :  s  being  a  sibilant. 

D.  U-stems. 

7.  Laws  of  Euphony  {Easy  sound): 

Notice  that  1.  b       before  s  becomes  p,  scrib-o,  I  write,  scrip-sL 

2.  c    ^  dic-6,  I  say,  dixi. 
g    >•  with     s  becomes  x,  jung-6j  J  join,  junxi. 
qu )  coqu-6,  /  work.  coxi. 

3.  t    \  mitt-6j       I  send,      mi-si. 
and  \  before  s  are  dropped, 

d  )  cIaud-6,     I  shut,      clau-si, 

or  becomes  with  s,  ss,  ced-o,  I  give  atvay,  ces-si. 

LIST  OF  VERBS. 
112»  I.  Stems  in  a  P-muto. 

1.  With  a  short  stem-syllable. 

capio,  cap-ere,  cep-i,  cap-turn,  to  take,  catch, 

accipio,  accip-ere,       accep-i,       accep-tura,  to  receive. 

rumpO  (RUP),     ramp-ere,       riip-i,  rup-tum,  to  break,  burst. 

2.  With  a  lo7ig  stem-syllable. 

rCpo,  rep-ere,  rep-si,            rep-tum,            creep. 

carpf),  carp-ere,  carp-si,           carp-tum,          to  pluck. 

discerpf),  disccrp-f^re,  discerp-si,       discerp-inm,  pluck  to  pieces. 

scrlbo,  scrib-ere,  scrip-si,          scrip-tum,          to  write. 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  Engrlish  : 

1.  Passer  callidus   ceperat  culicem.     Culex  clamahat  : 
concede  mihi  vitam,  oro  te.  Friistra  precibns  giittnr  r  u  p  e  r  !  s , 
respondct  passer.     Dum  passer  culicem  devorat,  f eles  a  r  r  e  p  - 
5 


98 


LATIIT   PRIMER. 


sit  efc  passerem  iinguibus  discerpsit.  2.  Piicr  mendax, 
cum  lupum  re  vera  appropinquantem  videret,  clamabat,  lacri- 
mtibat,  ejulabat.  Sed  rustic!  :  Si  nos  tertium,  inquiuut,  d  e  - 
c  e  p  c  r  !  s ,  nostra  erit  culpa  {fault). 

II.  Translate  into  Liatin : 

1.  The  snake  is  creeping  up  [arrepo)  to  catch  the  bird.  The 
.snake  crept  up  to  catch  the  bird.  2.  We  are  breaking  {rumpo) 
the  bridge  that  the  enemy  may  not  destroy  the  city.  We 
broke  the  bridge  that  the  enemy  might  not  destroy  the  city. 
3.  We  have  written  (Inscr'tbo)  our  names  on  {in,  w,  Abl.) 
our  books. 

II.  Stems  in  a  ^-mute. 
1.    With  a  sliort  stem-syllable. 

leg-ere,  l5g-I,  lec-tum,  to  read, 

colHg-ere,      collGg-I,      collec-tum,  to  gather. 
ag-ere,  cg-I, 

reclig-ere,        red5g-I, 
cog-ere,  eo5g-i, 

fug-I, 
f5c-I, 
perfec-i, 


113. 


lego, 

coUigo, 
ago, 

redigo, 

cogo  (CO  +  ago), 


fugio, 
facio, 
perficio 


fug-ere, 
fac-ere, 
perfic-ere, 


[lead. 

ac-tiim,  to  do,  act,    drive, 

redac-tum  to  bring  back,  re- 
coac-tum,  to  compel.      [duce. 
f  ug-i-tum,      to  flee, 
to  make, 
to  achieve,  finish. 


interficid, 

patefacio, 

jacio, 

injicio,  (Inicid) 
vinco  (VTC), 
frango  (frag), 
relinquo  (liqv), 


dico, 
ducd, 
confllgo, 

jungo, 
cingo, 


fac-tum, 
perfec 
turn, 
interf ec-i,  interfec-     to  make  away  with, 
turn,  kill. 

patefac-ere,    patefec-i,  patefac-      to  disclose,  reveal. 
turn, 
jec-I, 

injec-I 
vic-l, 
freg-I, 
rellqu-I, 

2.    With  a  long  stem-syllaUe. 

dic-ere,  dixl,        dic-tum,         to  say. 

diic-ere,  duxl,       duc-tum,        to  lead.  [clash, 

confllg-ere,  cdnflixi,  conflic-tum,  to    strike    together, 

fig-ere,  fixT,         fixiim,  to  fix,  fasten. 

jung-ere,  junxi,     junc-tum,       to  join. 

cing-ere,  cinxi,      cinc-tum,       to  gird,  surround. 


interfic-ere, 


jac-ere, 

injic-ere, 
vinc-ere, 
frang-ere, 
relinqu-ere, 


jac-tum,         to  throw. 

injec-tum,  to  throw  in. 
vic-tum,  to  conquer, 

frac-tum,        to  break. 
relic-tum,       to  leave. 


K-MUTE  VERB-STEMS. 


99 


tingo  (tinguo),  ting-ere,  tinxi, 


exstinguo, 

pingO, 

stringo, 

mergo, 

flee to, 

nectO, 


trahu, 
vivo  (viav), 


rego, 
(llrigd, 
surgo, 

tegd, 

cofiuO, 

conspicid, 

dlligo, 

intellegd, 

neglcgd, 


exstingu-ere,   exstinxT, 


ping-ere,  pinxl,  pic-tum, 

string-ere,       strinxl,  stric-tuin 

merg-ere,         mer-sl  (mer[g]si),  mer-sum, 
flect-ere,  flex!  (flec[t]si),      flexuin, 

nect-ere,  ncxi  (nec[t]si),      nexum, 

(nexul), 


tinc-tum,       to  dip,  dye. 
exstinc-tum,  to  extinguish. 

to  paint. 

draw  tight. 

to  plunge. 

to  bend. 

to  knot,  tie. 


trah-ere, 
viv-ere, 


regere, 
dlrig-ere, 
surg-ere, 
leg-ere, 
coqu-ere, 
cdnspic-cre, 
dilig-ere, 
intelleg-ere, 
negleg-ere, 


3.  Aspirate  stems. 

traxT,  trac-tura, 

vixl,  vic-tum, 


Exceptions. 

rec-tum, 
dlrec-tum, 
surrec-tum, 
tec-tura, 
coc-tum, 
cdnspec-tum, 
dllec  turn, 
intellec-tura, 
neglec-tum, 


rexl, 
direxi, 
surrexl, 

texi, 

coxT, 

cdnspexl, 

dllexl, 

intellexl, 

neglexT, 


to  drag, 
to  live. 


to  keep  right, 
to  direct, 
to  rise, 
to  cover, 
to  cook, 
to  behold, 
to  love. 

to  understand, 
to  neglect. 


Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English  : 

1.  Vacca,  ovis,  capella  societatem  fecerant  cum  leonc. 
Paulo  post  cepurunt  cervum  permagnum.  Leo  statim 
quattuor  partes  fecit.  Omnes  postulavit.  2.  Rusticus 
flliis  singulas  virgulas  praebuit  ut  frangerent.  Facile  f  r  e  g  e  - 
runt.  Mox  virgulas  in  fasciculum  constrinxit.  Cum  fa- 
sciculum  constrinxisset,  a  flliis  postulavit  ut  frangerent. 
Nihil  profecerunt.  3.  In  conventu  bestiarum  simius 
cunctis  prope  suffragiis  creatus  est  rex.  Vulpes,  cum  vanum 
novi  regis  ingenium  perspiceret,  dixit  simio  :  Pater  meus 
thesaurum  in  solitudine  celavit.  Jure  rCgni  ad  te  pertinet. 
Simius  vulpem  monuit  ut  statim  ad  thesaurum  duceret. 
Vulpes  simium  non  ad  thesaurum  sed  adlaqueos  sub  fruticibus 
absconditos  d  u  xi  t . 


100 


LATIjq^    PRIMER. 


II.  Translate  into  Latin  : 

1.  You  (PI.)  gathered  sticks  [logs]  to  make  a  fagot.  2.  If 
you  shall  have  been  silent  (.nleo),  you  will  have  done  (ago) 
well.  3.  Diogenes,  the  philosoi^her,  threw  away  (abjicio) 
[his]  drinking-cup.  4.  The  sailors  drew-up  (suhdilco)  [their] 
ships  on  dry-land  {in  dridum)  that  they  might  be  safe.  5. 
If  you  have  conquered  (vinco)  [your]  temper  {animus),  you 
have  conquered  a  fierce  (Superl.  of  deer)  enemy.  6.  Even 
{etiam)  if  you  plunge  [=  shall  have  plunged  yourselves]  into 
the  water,  you  (o)  saucy  (Superl.)  frogs,  my  arrows  will  de- 
stroy {interimo)  you.  7.  The  master  detected  {detego)  the 
fraud  {fraus,  fraudis,  f . )  of  the  ass. 


114. 

1. 

edo, 

fodio, 

defendo, 

ascendo, 

reprehendd, 

comprehendo, 


ludd, 

rodo, 

claudo, 
excludo, 

invado, 

mitto, 
dimittd, 
permitto, 

cedo, 

divido, 
percutiQ, 

cdnsido, 
verto, 


III.  Stems  in  a  T-mnte. 
With  a  short  stem-syllable  and  nd  stems, 

ed-ere,  ed-i,  e-sum,  to  eat. 

fod-ere,  fod-i,  fos-sura,  to  dig. 

defend-ere,  defend-i,  dcfen-sum,  to  defend. 

ascend-ere,  ascend-i,  ascen-sum,  to  mount. 

reprehend-ere,     reprehend-I,     repreh5n-sum,^(?  chide. 

comprehend-ere,comprehend-i,  comprehcn-  to  catch  hold 

sum,  of,  arrest. 

2.    With  a  long  stem-syllable. 


Itid-ere, 

rod-ere, 

claud-ere, 
excltid-ere, 

invfid-ere, 

mitt-ere, 
dimitt-ere, 
permitt-ere, 

ced-ere, 

divid-ere, 
percut-ere, 

consid-ere, 
vert-ere, 


Iti-si, 

ro-si, 

claii-si, 
exclu-sl, 

invil-si, 

ral-si, 
diml-si, 
perml-sl, 

ces-si, 

EXCEPTIOKS. 
divi-si, 
percus-si, 

cdnsed-i, 
vert-i, 


Iti-sum,  to  play. 

ro-sum,  to  gnaw. 

clau-sum,        to  shut. 

exclti-sum,  to  shut  out. 
invii-sum,         to  invade. 
mis-sura,  to  send. 

dimis-sum,  to  dismiss. 

permis-sum,^<?  allow. 
ces-sum,  to  give  way. 


to  divide, 
to  smite, 
pierce. 
conses-sum,     to  settle  down. 


divl-sum, 
percus-sum 


ver-sum, 


to  turn. 


t-mute  verb-stems.  101 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  Engrlish  : 

1.  Asiniis  pello  leonis  indutus  terrebat  bestias  et  homines. 
Sed  forte  dominus  auriculam  eminentem  conspexit.  Auri- 
cularn  compreliendit  et  asiimm  domum  d  u  x  i  t . 

2.  Cum  leo  incautum  murem  d  I  m  I  s  i  s  s  e  t ,  gratias  e  g  i  t 
parvula  bestia.  Postea  cum  leo  in  laqueos  incidisset,  (113) 
mus  nodos  rosit.  Sic  muris  parvuli  opera  magnus  leo 
e V  asi  t . 

3.  Pater  filio  o  s  t  e  n  d  i  t  lusciniam  et  acanthidem.  Utra 
tarn  siiaviter  canit  ?  interrogavit.  Cum  rcspondisset 
(120)  t'llius  :  Acantliis  ;  pennas  enim  habet  pulclicrrimas, 
reprehend  it  pater  puerum  ob  stultissimum  judicium. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin : 

A.  1.  Diogenes,  the  pliilosopher,  in  broad-day  {clCirissima  lux) 
lighted  (accendo)  a  lantern  (hicerna).  When  his  friends  asked 
him  :  AVhat  (quid)  have  you  done  (ago)  ?  he  answered  (Pros.)  : 
I  lighted  the  lantern  to  look  for  (quaerd)  a  man  (homo). 

2.  Tlie  only  servant  of  Diogenes  having  run  away  [=when 
the  only  servant  of  Diogenes  had  run  away],  [his]  friends  urged 
(Impcrf.  of  suCideo)  that  he  should  look  up  (requiro)  the  run- 
away. If  you  will  guess  (Fut.  Pf.  of  conjicio)  the  answer 
of  Diogenes,  I  will  give  you  twopence  (iiummus,  i). 

B.  1.  Darius  invaded  (invddo  in)  the  land  of  the  Scythians 
with  a  great  army.  2.  Why  did  you  strike  (per  cut  id)  me,  asked 
the  lazy  slave  ;  I  have  done  nothing.  I  struck  you,  answers 
the  master,  because  (quod)  you  have  done  nothing.  3.  The 
gentleman  (vlr  7idbiUs)  gave-way  to  the  fool  (fatuus),  4. 
AVhen  tlie  lion  had  divided  the  game  (praeda)  into  four  parts, 
lie  excluded  the  cow,  the  sheep  [and]  the  kid.  5.  Hope  and 
fortune,  farewell  !  You  have  fooled  me  enough  (sat)  :  fool 
otlicrs  now. 

|^~  Readlug  Lesson  X.,  p.  170. 


102 


LATIN"   PRIMER. 


XXXIV.    THIRD    CONJUGATION.— FORMATION   OF 
PERFECT— (Coi^cLUDED). 

11^.  Liquid  Stems;    U  Stems;   lledu^dlcated 
forms  and  other  peculiarities. 


emo, 

interimo, 
sumo, 


IV.   Stems  in  Liquids. 


em-ere,  em-i, 

interim-ere,  interem-T, 
stim-ere,  siim(p)-sl, 


vello(conv.),  vell-ere,  vell-I,  vul-sl,    vul-sum, 


em(p)-tum,  to  buy. 

interem(p)-tum,  to  kill. 
sum(p)-tum,         to  take, 
to  pluck. 


tribuo, 
induo, 
statuo. 


tribu-ere, 
indu-ere, 
statu-ere. 


V.  Stems  in  U. 


tribii-i, 
indu-i, 
statu-I, 


tribii-tum, 
indti-tum, 
statu-tum, 


to  allot, 
to  put  on. 
to  settle. 


constituo,       c5nstitu-ere,     constitu-i,        constitu-tum,  to  determine. 


diruo, 
raetuO, 
solvo, 


diru-ere, 
metu-ere, 
solv-ere, 


diru-i, 


solv-I, 


dlru-tum, 


solti-tum. 


to  destroy, 
to  fear, 
to  loosen. 


VI.  Reduplicated  Forms. 


1^"  In  composition  the  syllable  of  reduplication  is  nsnally  dropped,  as  cado,  cecidi, 

but  occid-5. 

,  03cid-I. 

cado. 

cad-ere, 

cectd-I, 

cfi-sum, 

to  fall. 

occido. 

occid-ere, 

opcTd-I, 

occri-sum. 

to  fall. 

caedo, 

caed-ere, 

cecld-l, 

cae-sum, 

to  fell,  cut. 

occido, 

oceld-ere. 

occld-i. 

occl-sum, 

to  kill. 

cano. 

can-ere, 

cecin-i, 

can-turn, 

to  sing. 

pello, 

pell-ere, 

pepul-I, 

pul-sum, 

to  drive. 

curro, 

curr-ere, 

cueurr-i, 

cur-sum, 

to  run. 

disco, 

tango  (tag). 

disc-ere, 
tang-ere, 

didic-I, 
tetig-I, 

to  learn 

tac-tum. 

to  touch. 

attingo, 

atting-ere, 

attig-i, 

attac-tum, 

to  attain. 

fallo, 

fall-ere, 

fefell-I, 

fal-sum, 

to  cheat. 

pendo. 

pend-ere, 

pepend-I, 

pen-sum, 

to  {hang),  weigh. 

siispendo, 

suspend-ere,    suspend-I 

,       suspGn-sunij 

,  to  hang  {up). 

pari"), 

par-ere, 

peper-I, 

par-tum, 

to  bring  forth. 

parco, 

parc-ere, 

peperc-I, 

par-sura. 

to  spare. 

bibo, 

bib-ere, 

bib-I, 

(bib-i-tum), 

to  drink. 

PERFECT  OF -THIRD    CONJUGATION. 


103 


do, 

dare, 

ded-I, 

dii-tum, 

to  give. 

rcddo, 

redd-ere. 

reddid-I, 

rcddi-tuin, 

to  give  hack. 

trado, 

trad-ere. 

tradid-I, 

tradi-tura. 

to  deliver. 

vendo, 

vGnd-ere. 

vtlndid-T, 

vGiidi-tum, 

to  sell. 

prodd, 

prod-ere, 

prudid-I, 

prddi-tum, 

to  hetray. 

condo, 

cond-crc. 

condid-i, 

condi-tum, 

to  found y  hide. 

perdo, 

perd-ere. 

perdid-!. 

perdi-tum. 

to  ruin. 

credo, 

crcd-ere. 

crcdid-l. 

crcdi-tum, 

to  believe. 

sto, 

stfi-re. 

stet-T, 

sta-tura. 

to  stand. 

dcsisto, 

desist-ere, 

destit-I, 

dGsti-tum, 

to  desist,  leave  off. 

VII. 

Various  Peculiarities. 

pdnd, 

pon-ere. 

pos-ui, 

positum, 

to  2ilace,  lay  aside. 

sero, 

ser-ere. 

S-VVI, 

sil-tum, 

to  sow. 

dOccrno, 

dCcem-ere, 

dGcre-vI, 

decre-tuin. 

to  determine. 

spcrad, 

spern-ere. 

spre-vl, 

sprC-tum, 

to  despise. 

crCscd, 

crcsc-ere, 

(cre-vl), 

(crG-tum), 

to  grow. 

quicsco. 

qiiiCsc-ere, 

qulG-vI, 

quie-tura, 

to  rest. 

cOgndscd, 

cOgnOsc-ere, 

cogno-vl, 

cSgni-tum, 

to  find  out. 

gero, 

ger-ere, 

ges-sT, 

ges-tura, 

to  carry  oji. 

rirO, 

ur-ere. 

US-Sl, 

tis-tum. 

to  hum. 

prem'), 

prem-ere, 

pres-sl. 

pres-sum. 

to  press. 

opprimO, 

opprini-ere 

,      oppres-sl 

,     opprcs-sum. 

to  surprise. 

ferO, 

ferre. 

tul-I, 

la-tum, 

to  hear. 

tollG, 

toU-ere, 

sustul-T, 

subla-tum. 

to  lift,  raise. 

Exercises. 

1.  Translate  into  Engrlish: 

A.  1.  Leo  primam  partem  s  u  m  p  s  i  t  quia  leo  crat ;  alteram 
partem  ceterae  bestiae  t  r  i  b  u  e  r  u  n  t  leoni  quia  rex  erat ;  tertia 
pars  leoni  o  b  t  i  g  i  t ,  quia  validior  erat ;  quartam  partem  nulla 
bestiarum  t  e  t  i  g  i  t . 

2.  Fugitivus  asinus  pellem  leonis  i  n  d  u  e  r  a  t.  Omnes 
bestias  et  homines  terrere  c  o  n  s  t  i  t  u  i  t .  Erum  Yero  non 
f  e f  e  1 1  i  t .  Erus enim, cum  auriculam  eminentem  conspex- 
i  s  R  c  t,  fugitlvum  statim  cognovit,  auriculam  c  o  n  v  e  1 1  i  t , 
asinum  male  mulcatum  domum  p  e  p  u  1  i  t . 

3.  Erus  lusciniam  et  acanthidem  e  m  e  r  a  t .  Ancilla  aves 
ante  fenestram  s  u  s  p  e  n  d  i  t .  Luscinia  cantum  incepit.  Cum 
avis  destitissct,  erus  rogavit :  Utra  tarn  suaviter  cecinit? 


104  LATIJq^    PRIMER. 

4.  Ranae,  cum  regem  nihil  se  moventem  yiderent,  timorem 
posucrunt,  iTgimm  sprevorunt,  novum  regem  postu- 
lare  dccreyerunt. 

B.  1.  Diu  cum  cervo  bellum  gesserat  equus.  Tandem 
liominis  auxilio  inimicum  e  prato  e  x  p  u  11 1 .  At  homo  calli- 
dus  equum  servlre  c  o  e  g  i  t .  Erustra  miserrimus  servus  eju- 
lavit  :  Utinam  no  gessissem  bellum  cum  cervo.  Utinam 
neme  tradidissem  perfido  amico. 

2.  Cum  mus  incaute  nasum  leonis  tetigisset,  rex  iratus 
murem  corripit.  Tum  mus  :  si  mih!  peperceris,  inquit, 
gratus  tibi  ero.  Leo  respondet  :  Effuge.  Paulo  post  leo 
praedam  quaerens  i  n  c  i  d  e  r  a  t  in  laqueos.  Cito  a  c  c  u  r  - 
rit  musculus  ut  laqueos  roderet  et  magnanimum  llberaret 
leonem. 

3.  Eeles  vespertilionem  oppressit.  Vespertilio  m  e  t  u  i  t 
ne  se  devoraret.  Incipit  orare.  Sed  feles  :  Non  iterum  me 
fefellerfs. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin : 

A.  1.  A  poor  carpenter  had  bought  an  axe.  The  axe  fell- 
down  (decidoy  3.)  into  a  deep  river.  The  god  of  the  river 
brought-back  {refero)  a  golden  axe.  It-is  not  mine,  answers 
the  carpenter.  2.  The  old  man  had  cut  logs  in  a  forest.  Ho 
raised  the  fagot  of  logs  (up)  on  {iti)  [his]  shoulders.  As 
the  fagot  was  pressing  him,  he  laid  down  {depd?io,S.)  the  logs 
and  invoked  Death.  As  he  saw  Death  approaching,  he  said  : 
I  cried  out  because  the  fagot  had  pressed  my  shoulders. 

B.  1.  The  throne  {regnum)  has  fallen-to  {ohtingo,  3.,  w. 
Dat.)  thee.  2.  My  father  as-he-was-dying  {moriens)  delivered 
to  me  a  treasure.  3.  Jason  sowed  dragon's  teeth.  4.  Her- 
cules put  {i7npdnd,d.,  with  Dat.)  a  lion's  jaws  (fanx,  Gen. 
faucis)  on  [his]  head.  5.  We  got-up  {mstiticd,3.)  a  party 
{convlvmm).  6.  The  Greeks  destroyed  Troy  (Troja),  7. 
The  goose  stood  one  hour  (hora)  on  ( Abl. )  one  foot. 

1^"  Readin-  Lesson  XI.,  p.  irL 


THIED     CONJUGATION^ — PASSIVE. 


105 


XXXV.  THIRD  CONJUGATION— PASSIVE. 


IIG, 


PASSIVE  OF  Emd. 


INDICATIVE. 


Am  bought. 
Sing. — 1.  om-o-r, 

2.  cm-e-ris, 

3.  em-i-tur, 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 


Present. 


e,  may  he,  bought. 
em-a-r, 
em-a-ris, 
em-a-tur, 


Plur. — 1.  em-i-mur, 

2.  om-i-mini, 

3.  em-u-ntur. 


em-a-mur, 
em-a-mini, 
em-a-ntur. 


Was  ioughi. 
Sing. — 1.  em-e-ba-r, 

2.  em-e-ba-ris, 

3.  em-e-ba-tur, 


Imperfect, 

Were,  might  be,  bought 
em-e-re-r, 
em-e-re-ris, 
em-e-re-tur, 


Plur. — 1.  em-e-ba-mur, 

2.  om-e-ba-mini, 

3.  em-e-ba-ntur. 


em-e-re-mtir, 
em-e-re-mini, 
em-e-re-ntur. 


Shall  be  bought. 
Sixo.— 1.  em-a-r, 

2.  em-e-ris, 

3.  em-e-tur, 


Future. 


Plur. — 1.  em-e-mur, 

2.  em-e-mini, 

3.  em-e-ntur. 


IMPERATIVE. 


FIRST.  SECOND. 

Sixci.— 2.  em-e-re,    be  thou  bought.    1.  em-i-tor,     thou  shalt  be  bought. 

2.  em-i-tor,     he  shall  be  bought. 

Plur. — 2.  em-i>mixii,  be  ye  bought.      3.  em-u-ntor,  they  shall  be  bought, 
5* 


106  latij^  primer. 

117 •  Third  Conjugation. 

PASSIVE  OP  Emo. 
INDICATIVE.  SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pekfect. 

Have  been,  was  houglit.  Have,  may  have,  been  bought. 

Smo. — 1.   em(p)-t-us^  -a,  -um,  sum,         em(p)-t-us,  -a,  -um,  sim, 

2.  es,  sis, 

3.  est,  sit, 

Plur. — 1.  em(p)-t-i,  ae,  -a,        sumus,    ein(p)-t-i,  -ae,  -a,         simus, 

2.  estis,  sitis, 

3.  sunt.  sint. 

Plupekfect. 
Had  been  bought.  Had,  might  have,  been  bought. 

Sing. — 1.  em(p)-t-us,  -a,  -um,  eram^        em(p)-t-us,  -a,  -um,  essem, 

2.  eras,  esses, 

3.  erat,  esset, 

Plub. — 1.  em(p)-t-i,  -ae,  -a,      eramus,    em(p)-t-i,  -ae,  -a,      essemus, 

2.  eratis,  essetis, 

3.  erant,  assent. 

Future  Perfect. 
Shall  have  been  bought. 
Sing, — 1.   em(p)-t-us,  -a,  -um,  er5, 

2.  eris, 

3.  erit, 

Plur. — 1.  em(p)-t-i,  -ae,  -a,       erimus, 

2.  eritis, 

3.  erunt. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres.  em-i,  to  be  bought. 

Perf.  em(p)-t-um,  -am,  -um,  esse,  to  have  been  bought. 

FuT.  em(p)-t-um  Iri,  to  be  about  to  be  bought. 

F.  P.  em(p)-t-um,  -am,  -um,  fore. 

PARTICIPLES. 
Perfect.         em(p)-t-us,  -a,  -um,  bought. 

Gerundive,    em-e-nd-us,  -a,  -um,        to  he  bought. 


THIRD    CONJUGATION — PASSIVE. 


107 


118. 


INDICATIVE. 

Am  taken. 
Sing.— 1.  capi-o-r, 

2.  cap-e-ris, 

3.  cap-i-tur, 
Plur. — 1.  cap-i-mur, 

2.  cap-i-mini, 

3.  capi-u-ntur. 


Was  taken. 

Sixo. — 1.  capi-e-ba-r, 

2.  capi-e-ba-ris, 

3,  capi-e-ba-tur, 

Plur. — 1.  capi-e-ba-mur, 

2.  capi-e-ba-mini, 

3.  capi-e-ba-ntur. 

Sliall  he  taken. 
Sixo. — 1.  capi-a-r, 

2.  capi-e-riSj 

3.  capi-e-tur, 
Plur. — 1,  capi-e-mur, 

2.  capi-e-mini, 

3.  capi-e-ntur. 


Third  Conjugation. 

PASSIVE  OF  Capio. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 


Pbesent. 


Imperfect. 


Be,  may  be,  taken. 
capi-a-r, 
capi-a-ris, 
capi-a-tur, 
capi-a-mur, 
capi-a-mini, 
capi-a-ntur. 

Were,  might  be,  taken. 

cap-e-re-r, 

cap-e-re-ris, 

cap-e-re-tur, 

cap-e-re-mur, 

cap-e-re-mini, 

cap-e-re-ntur. 


Future. 


IMPERATIVE. 

Second. 

be  thou  taken.    2.  cap-i-tor,       thou  shalt  be  taken, 
3.  cap-i-tor,       he  shall  be  taken. 
Plur. — 2.  cap-i-mini,  be  ye  taken.        3.  capi-u-ntor,  they  shall  be  taken. 


First. 
SiNO.— 2.  cap-e-re. 


INFINITIVE. 

Pres.  cap-i. 
Perf.  cap-t-um  esse. 
FuT.     cap-t-um  iri. 
F.  P.   cap-t-um  fore. 


PARTICIPLES. 

Perfect,      cap-t-us. 
Gerundive,  capi-e-nd-us. 


108  LATIK   PRIMEK. 

119 »  Utiles  of  Syntax :  1.  In  Latin  Passives  are 
used  impersonally  far  more  freely  than  in  English.  The 
English  sign  of  the  Impersonal  is  It. 

Curritur  (It  is  run),  there  is  a  running,  people  are  running. 
Consurgitur  {It  is  uprisen),  up  they  rise. 

2.  Verbs  that  take  the  Dative  alone  cannot  be  turned 
into  the  Passive  except  impersonally,  as  above.  The 
Dative  remains  unchanged.  The  same  rule  applies  to 
the  Genitive  and  Ablative. 

Probus  nemini  invidet,  A  man  of  worth  feels  envy  to  {envies)  nobody. 
A  probo  nemini  invidetiir  {To  no  one  envy  is  felt  hy  a  man  of  worth), 
nobody  is  envied  by  a  man  of  worth. 


Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English : 

1.  A  passore  capitur  culex.  Culex  clamabat  :  Concede 
mihi  vitam.  Respondit  passer  :  Vita  non  concedetur.  Dum 
culex  interficitur,  passer  ab  accipitre  corripitur.  Parce  mihi, 
orabat.  Cur  tu  non  pepercisfci  culici  ?  respondit  accipiter. 
Nee  tibi  parce fcur.  2.  Dea  agricolas  in  ranas  mutavit.  Tamen 
conviciis  non  dcsistitur.  3.  Mures  aliquando  consultfibant  : 
Quomodo,  inquiunt,  a  dolls  inimicissimae  fells  defendemur  ? 
Multa  proponebantur  a  singulis  sed  nihil  placebat.  Postremo 
unus  proposuit  ut  tintinnabulum  fell  annecteretur.  Consur- 
gitur. Ad  oratorem  concurritur.  Jam  tu,  inquiunt,  annecte 
tintinnabulum.  Ab  alio,  respondit,  consilium  dari  solet,  ab 
alio  opera  sumi.  4.  Inter  Zeuxin  et  Parrhasium,  pictores 
clfirissimos,  certamen  artis  institutum  erat.  Zeuxis  uvas 
pinxit.  Aves  deceptae  advolaverunt.  A  Parrhasio  linteum 
pictum  propositum  est.  Zeuxis  deceptus  linteum  tolli  Jubet 
ut  pictura  ostenderetur.  Cum  errorem  intellexisset  :  Victus 
sum,  inquit.     A  me  aves  deceptae  sunt,  a  te  artifex. 


CHANGE   OF   CONJUGATION. 


109 


H.  Translate  into  Latin : 

1.  The  old  man  worn-out  by  the  miseries  of  old  age  and 
poverty,  invoked  Death  that  all  the  evils  of  life  might  be 
taken  away.  2.  The  bat  seized  by  the  cat  begs  that  life  be 
granted  him  (sibt).  3.  Juno  strove  {contenddy  3.)  that  Her- 
cules should  be  excluded  from  the  throne.  4.  When  the  vir- 
gin was  brought  u^  to  the  altar,  the  Greeks  shouted  :  Let  the 
virgin  be  spared.  5.  We  should  forgive,  if  we  were  more 
readily  forgiven.     6.  Would  that  books  had  not  been  written  ! 

JKJ-  Reading  Lesson  XII.  171. 


XXXVI.  CHANGE  OF  CONJUGATION. 

120,    Many    verbs    change    their  conjugation   when 
they  reach  the  Perfect  and  Supine. 


I.  veto. 

vet.T-re, 

vet-ul  (II.) 

veti-tum, 

to  forbid. 

II.  video, 

vidc-re, 

vid-l  (III.) 

vl-sura, 

to  see. 

respondeo 

,  responde-re 

,  respond-i, 

respon-sura, 

to  answer. 

sedeo, 

sedG-re, 

S5d-i, 

ses-sum, 

to  sit. 

peiideO, 

pendc-re, 

pepend-I, 

to  hang. 

rldeo, 

ridc-re, 

rl-sT, 

rl-sum, 

to  laugh. 

suudcO, 

suudtl-re, 

SUjT-SI, 

sua-sum, 

to  advise, 

moveo, 

movt"-re, 

mov-i, 

mu-tuin, 

to  move. 

voveo, 

vove-re, 

VoV-I, 

vo-tiun, 

to  vow. 

caveo, 

cav("-re, 

ciiv-I, 

cau-tum,   ' 

to  beware,  [vance. 

aiigeo, 

augC-re, 

auxi, 

auc-tura, 

to   increase,    ad- 

maneO, 

manC-re, 

mfin-sl, 

mrin-sum, 

to  remain. 

haereo, 

haer-Cre, 

hae-si, 

hae-sura, 

to  stick  {fast). 

jubeo, 

jubG-re, 

jus-sl, 

jus-sum, 

to  order,  bid. 

III.  alG, 

al-ere, 

al-ul  (II.) 

al-tum, 

to  nourish,  foster. 

cole, 

col-ere, 

col-uT, 

cul-tum, 

to  cultivate,honor. 

rapio, 

rap-ere, 

rap-ui, 

rap-tura, 

to  carry  off. 

corripio 

,     corrip-ere 

!,     eorrip-ul 

,      correp-tum, 

to  seize. 

fremu, 

frem-cre, 

frcm-uT, 

frerat-tura, 

to  roar,  growl. 

recurabo, 

recumb-ere, 

recub-ui, 

recubY-tum, 

to  recline. 

petO, 

pet-ere, 

petl-vl  (IV.)  peti-tum, 

to  seek. 

cupio, 

cup-ere, 

cupl-vl, 

cupl-tura, 

to  desire. 

quaero, 

quaer-ere, 

quaesl-vi, 

quaesl-tuiii, 

to  seek. 

requiro, 

requlr-ere 

1,     requlsi-vi 

:,     requisl-tum, 

1    **    *' 

110 

LATIK   PRIMER. 

IV.  venio, 

venl-re, 

ven-i  (III )    ven-tum, 

to  come. 

invenio. 

,      invenl-re 

,       invCn-I,         inven-ium, 

to  find. 

sentio, 

sentl-re, 

s5ii-sl,            sen-sum, 

to  feel,  perceive. 

vincio, 

vincl-re, 

vinxl,            vinc-tum, 

t'j  hnd. 

haurio, 

haurl-re, 

hau-si,           haus-tum, 

to  draw,  drain. 

reperio, 

reperl-re, 

repper-I,       reper-tum, 

to  find. 

aperio, 

aperl-re, 

aper-ui  (II.)  aper-tum  (III.) 

to  open. 

insilio, 

insill-re, 

insil-ul,         Insul-tum, 

to  leap  on. 

sepelio, 

sepell-re. 

sepell-vi,      sepul-tum(III.) 
Ex  ERC  I  SES. 

to  hury. 

I.  Translate  into  Eng-lish  : 

I.  In  cornu  tauri  cum  parva  sedisset  musca,  bekia  forte 
caput  movit.  Turn  musca  :  Ignosce,  inquit.  Si  scissem 
(=scivissem)  te  debilem  esse,  cfivissem  nee  insiluissem.  Taurus 
risit.  Ub!  es  ?  respondit.  Nihil  sensi.  2.  Leo  magnus  in 
silvam  venerat  ut  dormiret.  Dum  dormit,  mtisculus  nasum 
tetigit.  Subito  leo  murem  corripuit.  Mus  a  leone  petlvit  ut 
sibi  (Dat.  of  sul)  ignosceret.  Tandem  leoni  persuasit  utdimit- 
teret.  Paulo  post  leo  fremuit.  Oito  accurrit  mus,  leonem 
laqueis  implicatum  {entangled)  repperit,  nodos  rosit,  leonem 
llberavit.  3.  Rusticus,  cum  discordiam  inter  filios  esse  vldis- 
set,  jussit  virgulus  apportari.  Singulas  frangere  jussi,  nullo 
negotio  fregerunt.  Cum  yinxissent,  iterum  frangere  jussi, 
nihil  profecerunt. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin  : 

1.  I  have  often  heard  you  say  [=  saying]  :  If  you  advance 
(Fut.  Perf.)  the  state,  you  will  advance  (Fut.  Perf.)  all  the 
citizens.  2.  Alexander  sought  the  empire  {imperium)  of  the 
whole-world.  3.  The  teacher  persuaded  the  mother  to  send 
[her]  son  to  school.  4.  A  bone  had  stuck-fast  in  the 
wolf's  throat.  He  asked  {peto  a)  the  crane  again  to  {ut)  free 
him  {se)  from  the  pain  and  danger.  The  crane  laughed  at 
the  lying  wolf.  5.  The  ancient  nations  worshipped  {cold) 
many  gods.  6.  The  Greeks  moved  [their]  fleet  up  to  {ad) 
the  walls  of  the  city. 


FOURTH   CONJUGATION — PASSIVE. 


Ill 


XXXVII.  FOURTH  CONJUGATION. 


1^"  For  the  Active,  sec  81-83. 

121. 

INDICATIVE. 

Am  heard. 
Sing. — 1.  auii-o-r, 

2.  audi-ris, 

3.  audi-tur, 

Plur. — 1.  audi-mur, 

2.  audi-mini, 

3.  audi-u-ntur. 


Was  heard. 
Sing. — 1.  audi-e-ba-r, 

2.  audi-e-ba-ris, 

3.  audi-e-ba-tur, 

Plur. — 1 .  audi-e-ba-mur, 

2.  audi-e-ba-mini, 

3.  audi-e-ba-ntur. 


PASSIVE. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 


PilESENT, 


Be^  may  he,  heard. 
audi-a-r, 
audi-a-ris, 
audi-a-tur, 

audi-a-mur, 
audi-a-mini, 
audi-a-ntur. 


iMPEIirECT. 


Were,  might  be,  heard. 
audi-re-r, 
audi-re-ris, 
audi-re-tur, 

audi-re-mur, 
audi -re -mini, 
audi-re-ntur. 


Future. 


Shall  he  heard. 

Sing. — 1,  audi-a-r, 

2.  audi-e-ris, 

3.  audi-e-tur, 

Plur. — 1.  audi-e-mur, 

2.  audi-e-mini, 

3.  audi-e-ntur. 


First. 


IMPERATIVE. 


Sing. — 2.  audi-re,     he  thon  heard.    2.  audi-tor, 

3.  audi-tor, 


Second. 

thou  shall  he  heard, 
he  shall  he  heard. 


Plur. — 2.  audi-minI,  he  ye  heard.      3.  audi-u-ntor,  they  shall  he  heard. 


112  LATIK    PRIMER. 

Fourth  Coi^'juGATioi^". 

122.  PASSIVE. 

INDICATIVE.  SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Peufect. 
Have  hean  heard,  ivas  heard.  Have,  may  hace,  been  heard, 

SiNG.^1.  audi-t-us,  -a,  -um,    sum,         audi-t-us,  -a,  -um,   sim, 


2. 

es, 

sis, 

3. 

est, 

sit, 

:.— 1. 

audi-t-i, 

-ae,  -a, 

sumus, 

audi-t-i, 

-ae,  -a. 

simuSj 

2. 

estis, 

siUs, 

3. 

sunt. 

sint. 

Plupeufect. 
Had  been  heard.  Had,  might  have,  been  heard. 

Sing. — 1.  audi-t-us,  -a,  -um,   eram,      audi-t-us,  -a,  -um,   essem, 

2.  eras,  esses, 

3.  erat,  esset, 

Plur. — 1,  audi-t-i,  -ae,  -a,        eramus,  audi-t-i,  -ae,  -a,       essemus, 

2,  eratis,  essetis, 

3.  erant.  essent. 

FuTuiiE  Peufect. 
Shall  have  been  heard. 
Sing, — 1.  audi-t-us,  -a,  -um,    er5, 

2.  eris, 

3.  erit, 

Plur. — 1.  audi-t-i,  -ae,  -a,        erimus, 

2.  eritis, 

3.  erunt. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pbesent.  audi-ri,  to  be  heard. 

Perfect,  audi-t-um,  -am,  -um,  esse,  to  have  been  heard. 

Future,    audi-t-um  iri,  to  be  about  to  he  heard. 

F.  P.  audi-t-um,  -am,  -um,  fore. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Perfect.       audi-t-us,  -a,  -um,  heard. 

Gerundive,  audi-e-nd-us,  -a^  -um,  \pnc?^  to  be  heard. 


PRONOUNS.  113 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English  : 

I.  In  murium  concilio  (Neut.  council)  unus  dixit  :  Si  mihi 
oboedietis,  jam  nou  {no  longer)  fell  servietis.  Tintinnabulum 
inimicissimae  bestiae  annectitote.  Turn  statim  audiemus  cum 
veniet  facileque  effugiemus.  Respondit  maximus  iiatu  mu- 
rium: Ubi  inveniemus  mancipem  ?  {-CQ\)^,Q\\m,contr(iclor.) 
2.  Rusticus  canem  rellquit  ufc  flliolum  custodirct.  3.  Fugi- 
tivus  asimis  invenit  in  silvfi  peilem  Iconis.  Pelle  indutus  diu 
per  agros  saeviit.  At  erus,  simul  atque  rudcntem  audlvit, 
asini  Yocem  cognovit.  4.  Cervus,  ramosis  cornibus  impcditus, 
a  canibus  capitur.  5.  Cum  dolus  repetltus  cssct,  rustici 
rccusfivcrunt  mcndaci  puero  subvenTre.  6.  Agaso  juvcncm 
Yctuit  sub  asino  considere.  7.  Demosthenes  revocfitus  a 
judicibus  et  jussus  rcliquam  fabulam  enarrarc  :  Quid  ?  inquit, 
de  asini  umbra  deslderatis  audire,  causam  capitfdem  (nf  life 
and  death)  non  audietis  ?  8.  Captlvl  Grant  ut  inopiac  sub- 
Ycniatur.     9.   Captivl  orfibant  ut  inopiae  subveniretur. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin  : 

1.  In  battle  {acies,  el)  wounds  will  not  be  felt  by  brave  men. 
2.  While  (dum)  fighting  is  going  on  (Pass,  oipufjno),  wounds 
are  not  felt.  3.  When  the  beasts  heard  the  voice  of  the  ass, 
they  all  fled.  4.  In  the  holidays  {per  ferids)  there  was  much 
playing,  much  sleeping  (Pass.).  5.  The  countryman  said  :  My 
baby  will  be  carefully  guarded  by  the  faithful  dog.  G.  So- 
cnites,  the  wisest  of  the  (J reeks,  vowed  a  cock  to  Aesculapius 
(Gen.  i). 

%W  Reuiliiig  Lesson  XIII.,  p  171. 


XXXVIII.  PRONOUNS. 

REFLEXIVE  AND  DETERMINATIVE. 

123,  The  Beflexive  Pronomi   of  the  third  per- 
son is  sul,  s6,  sibi,  with  the  possessive  suus,  a,  um.     The  Ee- 


114  LATIN   PRIMER. 

flexive  is  used  when  reference  is  made  to  the  subject  of 
the  sentence. 

In  English  we  often  translate  by  a  simple  him,  her,  them,  his,  their. 
SUBSTANTIVE.  POSSESSIVE. 

Singular. 

N.      

G.      sui,  of  him,  her,  it{self),  suus,  -aj  -xmij  his,  her(s),  its 

J),      sibij  to,  for,  him[selj),  her(self),  (own). 

Ace,  S3  (se33),  him{self),  her(self), 

Abl.  S3  (ses3)j  from,  with,  himiself). 

Plural. 

N. 

G.      sui,  of  them{selves),  suus,   -a,   -um,   their  (own) 

D.      sibi,  to,  for  them{selves),  theirs. 

Ace.  se  (sese),   them{selves), 

Abl.  se  (sese),  from,  tcith,  hy  them[selvcs). 

Cervus  sui  admiratione  fallitur.       The  stag  is  cheated  by  SEhF-admira- 

tion. 
Uterque  viator  s  i  b  i  asinum  vin-   E:ich  of  the  two  travellers  claims  the 

dicat,  ass  for  himself. 

Viator  humi  s  e  prSsternit,  The  traveller  throws  himself  flat  on 

the  ground. 
Bias  omnia    sua  secum  porta-   Bias  used  to  carry  all  his  property 

bat,  with  HIM  (about  him), 

Cervus  errorem  s  u  um  intellexit,    The  stag  perceived  His  mistake. 
Viator  se  mortuum  esse  simulat.      The  traveller  feig?is  (himself)  to  be 

dead. 

So  also  when  in  any  part  of  the  sentence  the  spsaker  is  meant. 

Vespertilio  orat  felem   ut  s  i  b  i  parcat.     Bat  begs  cat  to  spare  him 
(i.  e.  the  bat).     The  bat  said  :  Parpe  mihi,  Spare  me. 

124.   The  Determinative   ~Pronouns  are  : 

1.)  is,  ea,  id,  2.)  Idem,  3.)  ipse. 

1.)  Is,  ea,  id,  etc.,  is  used  for  the  ordinary  he,  she,  it,  they. 
It  is  also  employed  with  more  stress  in  connection  with  the  Relative. 

2.)  Idem  corresponds  to  the  English  same. 

3.)  Ipse  is  the  emphatic  self  of  contrast. 


PRONOUKS. 


115 


Singular. 


K     is,  ea, 

G.     ejus, 

D.     ei, 

Aoc.  eum,         earn, 

Abl.  eo,  ea, 

Singular. 
N.      idem,       eadem, 
G.      ejuadeni; 
D.      cidem, 


Determinative  Pronouns. 
1.  is,  he,  that,  etc 
id, 


Plural. 


id, 

eo. 


idem. 


ei,  or  11,    eae,  ea, 

eOrum,     earum,     eorum, 
eis,  or  iis, 

eOs,  eas,  ea, 

eis,  or  iis. 

idem,  the  same. 

Plural. 

eidem^  or  iidem,     eaedem,       eadem, 

eorundem,  earundem,  eorundem, 

eisdem,  or  iisdem^ 


Ace.  eundem,  eandem,  idem,     e5sdem,  easdem,       eadem, 

Abl.  e5dem,     eadem,    eodem.  eisdem,  or  iisdem. 

3.  ipse,  he,  self. 
Singular.  Plural. 

N.      ipse,  ipsa,         ipsum,  ipsi,  ipsae,       ipsa, 

G.     ipsius,  ip35rum,  ipsarum,  ipsorum, 

D.      ipsi,  ipsis, 

Ace.  ipsum,  ipsam,  ipsum,  ipsOs,    ipsas,   ipsa, 

Abl.  ipso,  ipsa,    ips5.   ipsis. 


Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English. : 

1.  Asinus  aegrOtus  so  condiderat  :  filius  eum  diligontcr  cu- 
rabat.  2.  Sencx  Mortem  invocavitut  se  omnibus  mails  llbera- 
ret.  Cum  Mortem  ad  sO  ai)propinquantem  vidOret,  earn  rogfivit 
ut  fascem  in  suos  umeros  tolleret.  3.  Diogenus  Cynicus  ubique 
sC'Cum  ferre  (Inf.  of  fero)  solobat  puculum  ligneum.  Eo 
poculo  aquam  sibi  e  fonte  liauriebat.  Sed  cum  aliquando 
vidOret  puerum  manibus  aquam  haurientem,  id  abjOcit. 
Manus,  inquit,  idem  mihi  officium  praestabunt.  4.  Cum 
unicus  Diogenis  servus  aufugisset,  suadGbant  omnes  domino 
ut  eum  requlreret.  At  Diogenes  :  Non  faciam.  5.  Triennium 
Androclus  et  leo  in  eodem  specu  vixOnmt.  6.  Phylax,  cum 
Neronem  fugavisset,  praedam  quaerObat.  At  aberat  os. 
Canis  prudentior  id  surripuerat,  dum  pugnabant. 


116  LATIK   PRIMER. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin : 

1.  The  braggart  is  always  proclaiming  his  own  praises.  2. 
The  gnat  begs  the  sparrow  to  grant  him  life.  The  sparrow 
refuses  to  grant  him  life.  3.  The  stag  perceives  his  error  [but] 
too  late.  We  ought  to  avoid  his  error.  4.  The  ass  said  to 
himself  [  =  with  himself]  :  I  have  cheated  my  master.  The 
master  said  to  him  :  I  know  (nov't)  you,  my  tine  fellow  (nil 
asine),  5.  The  horse  conquered  the  stag  by  aid  of  the  man. 
But  now  {jam)  he  himself  is  forced  to  be  a  slave  to  the  man. 
C.  The  city  itself  is  small  {exiguus),  but  it  has  very  large  and 
magnificent  gates. 


XXXIX.  PEONOUNS— (Continued). 

DEMONSTRATIVE. 

123,  The  Deinoiistrative  JPronouns  are  : 

1.)  hic,  2.)  iste,  3.)  iUe. 

1.)  Hie  is  used  of  that  which  is  nearer  the  speaker  (Demonstrative  of 
the  First  Person)  and  often  forms  a  contrast  to  ille. 

2.)  Iste  refei*s  to  that  which  belongs  more  peculiarly  to  the  Second 
Person  (Demonstrative  of  the  Second  Person). 

3.)  Ille  denotes  that  which  is  more  remote  from  the  speaker  (Demon- 
strative of  the  Third  Person).    It  is  often  equivalent  to  the  famous. 

Demonstrative  Pronouns. 


1.  hic,  this  {of  mine). 

Sing. 

K 

hic, 

haec,     hoc,      Pl.  N.  hi. 

hae, 

haec, 

G. 

hujus, 

h5rum, 

harum. 

h5riiin. 

D. 

huic, 

his, 

Ace. 

hunc, 

hanc,     hoc,                    hos, 

has, 

haec, 

Abl. 

hoc, 

hac,      h5c.                    his. 

PROKOUNS.  117 

2.  iste,  that  (of  yours). 

Seng, — N.  iste,  ista,      istud^     Pl.  N.  isti,  istae,       ista, 

G.  istius,  istorum,  istarum,  istorum, 

D.  isti,  istis, 

Ace.  istum,  istam,   istud,  istos,        istas,        ista, 

Abl.  isto,  ista,       isto.  istis. 

8.  ille,  tJiai  (yonder). 

Sing.— N.  iUe,  iUa,       iUud,     Pl.  N.  iUi,  iUae,        ilia, 

G.  illius,  illorum,   illarum,  illorum, 

D.  illi,  illis, 

Ace.  illiun,  illam,    illud,  illos,         illas,        ilia, 

Abl.  illo,  ilia,       illo.  illis. 


Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English: 

1.  Secum  dixit  asinus  de  catulo  :  Ille  inutllis,  ego  maxima 
semper  commoda  domino  comparavl.  Illi  omnia,  mihi  nihil 
donatur.  At  ille  callidus  est  adulator  ;  a  me  dominiis  nun- 
quam  blanditias  accepit.  Etiam  ego  amabor,  si  idem  faciam. 
Forte  hoc  tempore  dominus  intrat  in  stabulum.  Illud  cum 
vidisset  asinus,  accurrit,  pedes  in  ejus  umeris  ponit,  faciem 
ejus  lata  sua  lingua  lambere  incipit.  Exterritus  dominus 
vocat  f amnios  suos  ut  eum  verberent.  Mulcatus  asinus  stul- 
titiam  suam  deploravit.  3.  Deus  fluvii  probo  fabro  tres  de- 
derat  secures.  Rem  cum  vicinus  audivisset,  ad  eundem  fluvium 
cum  securi  festinat.  Sua  sponte  fecit  {managed)  ut  securis 
in  aquam  decideret.  Apparet  deus.  fiheu,  inquit  ille,  secu- 
rim  meam  perdidi.  Apportavit  deus  tres  seciires,  auream, 
argenteam,  ferream.  Elige  ipse  tuam,  inquit.  Tum  ille  : 
Ilaec,  inquit,  mea  est,  et  auream  arripefe  tentat.  Sed  jam 
deus  omnes  in  fluvium  rejicit.     3.  Nihil  isto  modo  perficies. 

U.  Translate  into  Latin : 

1.  The  frogs  having  {cuTrty  see  96 ^  2.)  demanded  another 


118  LATIN   PRIMEK. 

king,  Jupiter  sent  a  stork.  She  in  one  day  killed  a  great 
number  of  them.  The  frogs  begged  the  god  to  be  freed  from 
this  calamity  {calamitds,  citis).  2.  The  traveller  said  to  him- 
self :  This  beast  will  not  touch  corpses.  3.  Harpalus,  in 
those  times,  was  considered  {hahed,  2. )  a  lucky  (fellx)  robber. 
4.  That  friend  of  yours  lias  stolen  (surripid,  3.)  my  book.  5. 
I  have  conceived  {concipid,  3.)  a  great  suspicion  concerning 
{de  w.  Abl.)  that  soldier.  6.  I  shall  always  remember  [=be 
mindful  of,  memor']  that  friend. 

fon  XIV.,  p.  172, 


Headingl^K): 


XL.  PR0N0U:N^S— (Oontii^ued). 

RELATIVE. 

126.  The  Helative  Pronoun   is  qui,  quae,  quod, 

who,  ivhich,  ithat). 

Eelative  Pronouks. 

qui,  who. 

Sing, — N.      qui,       quae^    quod,  Pl.  N.  qui,  quae,        quae, 

G.      cujus,  quorum,  quarum,  quorum, 

D.      cui,  quibus, 

Ace.  quern,  quam,  quod,  quos,        quas,        quae, 

Abl.  quo,      qua,       quo.  quibus. 

127.  Rule  of  Syntax  :  The  Eelative  agrees  with  its 
Antecedent  in  Gender,  Number,  and  Person. 

The  word  to  which  the  Relative  refers  is  called  the  Antecedent 
{that  which  goes  hefore),  because  it  always  comes  first  in  mind,  if  not  in 
word. 

The  common  pronoun  of  the  antecedent  (correlative)  is  is,  ea,  id.  It 
is  often  to  be  supplied.     Qui  =  is  qui.  Who  —  He  who. 

The  Latin  language  uses  the  Relative  much  oftener  than  does  the 
English. 


RELATIVE   PRONOUNS.  119 

Mu s ,  qui  fremitum  audiverat,  accurrit,  The  mousey  who  had  heard  the 

roar,  ran  vp. 
Peram,  quae  nostris  vitiis  repleta  est,  post  tergum  nobis  dedit  deus, 

The  wallet,  which  is  filled  with  our  faults,  God  has  put  behind  our 

hacks. 
Cornua,   quae   me   perdiderunt,    laudavi,   The  horns,  which  have 

ruiiied  me,  I  praised. 
Cur  m  e  interficis,  qui  tibi  nunquam  n  o  c  u  i  ?     Why  do  you  kill  me, 

who  have  never  done  you  any  harm  ? 
(Eum)  quern  amo,  amo,  (Ilim)  whom  Hike,  Hike. 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English: 

I.  Tiberius  Gracchus  fllios  reliquit  Tiberium  et  Gajum, 
tribunos  illos  clarissimos,  qui  summa  diligentia  a  matre  docti 
sunt.  2.  Pyrrhus  rex  in  itinere  incidit  in  canem  qui  inter- 
fectl  hominis  corpus  custOdiebat.  Quern  canem  deduci  jussit. 
3.  Pelopis  progenies,  quae  per  multos  annos  r6gnum  obtinue- 
rat,  ab  Herculis  progenie  expulsa  est.  Eodem  fere  tempore 
Athenae  sub  regibus  esse  desierunt  (Perf.  of  desifio)  quorum 
ultimus  fuit  Codrus.  4.  Hesperides  hortum  habuerunt,  in 
quo  mala  aurea  erant.  5.  Rex  Erythlae  insulae  boves  (from 
bus)  rubras  habebat,  quas  biceps  canis  custOdiebat.  6.  Her- 
cules dolo  Junonis  a  regno  exclusus  est,  quod  ad  eum  jure 
pertinebat.  7.  Gruem,  cui  praemium  promiserat,  fefellit 
lupus.     8.  In  solitudinem  concessi,  in  qua  specum  invenl. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin  : 

1.  I  will  confide-in  that  friend  alone  (solus),  whose  fidelity 
I  have  thoroughly-watched  {perspicio,  3.).  2.  [He]  who  denies 
justice  [=  just  things],  gives  eveiything  [=  all  things].  3. 
The  cuckoo  envied  the  nightingale,  whose  song  was  praised 
by  all  men.  4.  I  will  give  you  the  book,  which  you  have  de- 
mjinded.  5.  I  will  give  you  the  books  that  have  pleased  you. 
G.  The  wound,  which  the  soldier  has  received,  is  fatal  [morti- 
feriis,  a,  um).  7.  The  wounds,  which  the  enemy  (PI. )  had  dealt 
{Infligd,  3.w.  Dat.)  our  soldiers,  were  fatal.  8.  The  {ilh)  snakes, 
which  Hercules  killed,  were  sent  by  Juno,  who  was  angry  with 
(susccnsed,  2.  w.  Dat.)  him. 


120  LATIK    PRIMEE. 

XLI.  PRONOUNS— (Coj^tij^ued). 

INTERROGATIVE   AKD   IN^DEFINITE. 

128,  Interrogative  I^ronouns  :  The  Adjective 
Interrogative  is  like  the  Kelative.  The  Substantive  In- 
terrogative differs,  but  the  difference  is  not  strictly  ob- 
served except  in  the  Neuter  Nominative  and  Accusative. 

Interrogative  Pronouns. 

who  ?  quid  ?         what  9 

quae  ?     quod  ?        which  ? 
utra  ?      utrum  ?      loho,  which  of  two  ? 

quid  ?         who  9  what  9 

whose  9 

to,  for  whom  f 
quid  ?         whom  ?  what  9 

from,  with,  hy  whom  or  what  ? 

129.  Indefinite  I*ronouns :  Of  these,  note  espe- 
cially : 

1.)  AliquiS;  some  one  or  other,  used  chiefly  in  Positive  Sentences, 
2.)  Quisquam  and  ullus,  any  {at  all),  used  in  Negative  Sentences. 
3.)  Quidam,  a  certain  one,  often  used  where  we  employ  the  indefinite 
a  or  an. 

Indefinite  Pronouns. 

1.  Substantive,     aliquis,    aliqua,       aliquid,        \  somebody,  some  one  or 

quis,       qua,  quid,  \      other. 

Adjective.         aliqui,     aliquae      (or  aliqua),     aliquod,   \  ^^^^^  ^^^ 
qui,  quae  (or  qua),  quod,        \ 

2.  quidam,      quaedam,  quiddam,  (and  quoddam),  a  certain,  certain  one. 

3.  quisquam, ,   quidquam,  any  one  {at  all).     No  plural. 

4.  quisque,      quaeque,  quidque  and  quodque,  each  one. 

unusquisque,  unaquaeque,  iinumquidque,  and  unumquodque,  each 
one  severally. 

Eemaric— Quisquam  is  used  only  as  a  substantive,  except  with  designations  of 
persons  ;  scriptor  quisquam,  any  writer  {at  all),  Gallus  quisquam,  any  Gaul  {at  alt). 
The  corresponding  adjective  i~  ullus. 


Substantive. 

quis  ? 

Adjects 

Ive. 

qui? 

Subst. 

and  Adj.   uter  ? 

Sing. 

— N. 

quis? 

G. 

cujus  ? 

D. 

cui? 

Ace. 

quem? 

Abl. 

que? 

IKTERROGATIVES  AND   IKDEFIiq  ITES.  121 

ullus,  -a,  -um,  any ;  nullus,  -a,  -um,  no  one,  not  one.  The  correspond- 
ing substantives  are  nemo  and  nihil,  which  forms  nihil!  andnihilo  (Abl.), 
but  only  in  certain  combinations. 

nonnullns,  -a,  -xim,  some,  many  a. 

alius,  -a,  -ud,  another  ;  alter,  -era,  -erum,  the  other,  one  (of  two)  ;  neu- 
ter, neutra,  neutrum,  neither  of  two. 


Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  Engrlish: 

1.  Qiiis  tG,  juyenis  impudentissime,  jussit  meam  domum 
intraro  ?  2.  Quid  audivisti  ?  Id  quod  audiyi  ilsdem  yerbis, 
quibus  dictum  est,  tibi  referam.  3.  Eex  flliam  immolavit 
qua  nihil  pulclirius  erat  in  regno.  4.  Accurrit  quidam  notus 
(known)  mihi  nomine  tantum.  5.  Si  quid  in  te  peccavi,  da 
mihi  veniam.  6.  Carmina  mea  nOnrecito  culquani  nisi  amicls. 
7.  Pro  se  quisque  apud  regem  causam  agebat.  8.  Consulum 
alter!  obtigit  Gallia,  alterl  Hispania.  Optime.  Sed  utri  His- 
pania  obtigit,  utrl  Gallia  ?  IS'eutrius  nomen  dixistl.  9. 
Nemo  uUius  rei  nisi  pugnae  memor  erat.  10.  Nonnulli  cotur- 
nicis  cantum  praedicant. 


H.  Translate  into  Latin: 

1.  What  did  your  father  say  to  you  ?  He  said  nothing.  2. 
To  which  of  you  (two)  shall  I  give  this  book  ?  To  neither. 
3.  Who  will  give  us  good  advice  ?  4.  You  did  this  with 
somebody's  help.  5.  I  blame  this  deed  {facinus) ;  anotlier 
it  will,  perhaps,  please.  G.  In  the  wood  sundry  {quidam) 
mice  were  playing,  one  of  (ex)  which  touched  the  nose  of  the 
sleeping  lion.  7.  I  care-for  (curd  Vf.  Ace.)  nobody,  and  no- 
body cares  for  me  [=  neither  (neque)  do  I  care-for  any  one, 
nor  (neque)  any-one  for  me].  8.  I  have  never  seen  anything 
in  this  kingdom  more  beautiful  tlian  my  daughter. 

^^  Reading  Lesson  XV.,  p.  172. 
6 


122  LATIK   PRIMER. 

XLII.   QUESTIONS. 

130,  I.  Direct  Questions  are  generally  introduced 
by  the  aid  of  Interrogative  Pronouns  (128),  or  by  the 
Interrogative  Particles  -ne,  nonne;  and  num. 

1.)  -ne  (always  attached  to  the  emphatic  word)  generally  serves  to  de- 
note a  simple  question,  without  indicating  the  character  of  the  answer. 

Videsne  ilium  altum  montem  ?     Seest  thou  yon  high  mountain  ? 
2.)  Nonne  expects  an  affirmative  answer. 

Nonne  canis  similis  est  lup5  ?    7s  not  a  dog  like  a  wolf  ? 
3.)  Num  expects  a  negative  answer. 

Num  audis  ?     You  don't  hear,  {do  you)  ? 

131,  II.  Indirect  Questions  are  such  as  depend  on 
a  Verb  of  Saying  or  Thinking. 

Direct  Question  :       Quis  es  ?         Who  art  thou  ? 
Indirect  Question  :  Die  quis  sis,  Say  who  thou  art. 

The  form  of  the  Pronoun  is  the  same  for  Direct  and 
Indirect  Questions. 

Num  loses  its  negative  force  and  becomes  ivkether. 

Interrogat  num  canis  similis  sit  lupo.  He  asks  whether  a  dog  is 
like  a  wolf. 

132,  Unle  of  Syntax :  1.  As  a  rule  the  Dependent 
Interrogative  turns  the  Indicative  into  the  Subjunctive 
Mood. 

After  a  Principal  Tense  (96.1)  the  Present  Indicative  of  the  Direct 
Question  becomes  the  Present  Subjunctive  of  the  Indirect  ;  the  Perfect  or 
any  Past  Tense  of  the  Indicative  becomes  the  Perfect  Subjunctive. 

After  an  Historical  Tense  the  Present  Indicative  of  the  Direct  Ques- 
tion becomes  the  Imperfect  Subjunctive  of  the  Indirect  Question  ;  the  Per- 
feet  or  any  Past  Tense  of  Indicative  becomes  the  Pluperfect  Subjunctive. 

The  Perfect  when  translated  by  have  is  a  Principal  Tense  and  is  called 
the  Pure  Perfect. 

The  Perfect  when  translated  by  did  is  an  Historical  Tense  and  is  called 
Historical  Perfect, 

The  Present  Indicative  is  often  used  as  a  Past  Tense  (Historical  Present) 
and  then  takes  either  set. 


quid  facias,     what    you 
are  doing. 
,  quid  feceris,     what  you 
have  done,   did,   were 
doing. 


QUESTIONS.  123 

Direct  Questions  :    Quid  facis  ?     What  are  you  doing  ? 

Quid  fecisti  ?     What  have  you  done  (been  doing)  ? 
Indirect  Questions  ; 

Pres.  cognosco,  /  am  finding  out 

Pure  Perf.  cognovi,  /  have  found  out 

(know) 
FuT.  cSgnoscam,      /  shall  find  out 

P.  Pekf.       cognovero,       J  shall  have  found 

out  (know) 

,  ^  ]   quid  faceres,   what  you 

IMPERF.         cognosceham,  I  was  finding  out  ^^ere  doing 

Hist.  Perf.  cognovi,  /  found  out  [       .,,_._        ,    , 

,1,  f  quid  fecisses,  what  you 

r.  t}    ,  ^  .1       had  done,  did,  had  been 

Pluperf.      cognoveram,    I  had  found  out  ,  . 

The  Fut.  Act.  of  the  Direct  Question  commonly  becomes  the  Fut. 
Partic.  with  aim  after  Principal,  essem  after  Hist.  Tenses  (132,  1). 

Direct  Question  :  Quid  facies  ?     What  will  you  do  9 

Indirect  Question  :  Interrogat  quid  facturus  sis.  JJe  asJcs  what 
you  are  about  to  do,  will  do. 

Interrogabat  quid  facturus  esses.  lie  icas  asking  what  you  would, 
were  about  to  do,  ivould  do. 

Rale  of  Syntax  :  2.  In  the  Dependent  Question, 
when  the  First  Person  of  the  original  question  is  changed 
to  the  Third  Person,  the  Reflexive  is  used. 

Cur  m  e  interficis  ?  clamat  vultur.     Why  are  you  killing  me?  cries  the 

vulture. 
Vultur  rogat  venatorem  cur  s  e  interficiat.     The  vulture  asks  the  hunter 

why  he  is  killing  niM  (the  vulture). 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  Engrlish  : 

1.  Xum  quisquam  Deum  ijisum  yidit  ?  2.  Si  tintinnabu- 
lum  fell  annexerfmus,  nonne  statim  audiemus  cum  veniet  ? 
3.  TTrsusne  tanget  cadavera  ?  4.  Lupus  ovis  pelle  indutus  se 
immiscuit  ovium  gregi  quotidieque  aliquam  ex  ils  occidebat. 
Quod  cum  pastor  animadvertisset,  lupum  necavit,  necatum  de 


124  LATIK   PRIMER. 

altissima  arbore  saspendit.  Postea,  a  bubulco  qiiodam  inter- 
rogatus  cur  ovem  suspendisset :  Eogus  me,  inquit,  cur  ovem 
suspenderim  ?  Pellem  detegit,  monstrat  lupum.  5.  Caesar 
Androclum  interrogavit  cur  cl  leo  pepercisset.  Androclus 
demonstrat  cur  sib!  leo  pepercisset.  6.  Noiine  memoria  tenetis 
quid  j)aulo  ante  dixerim. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin  : 

1.  I  will  ask  the  son,  whether  (his)  father  has  come.  2. 
"Will  fear  of  death  frighten  a  brave  soldier?  [No.]  3.  If  I 
were  accustomed  to  put-confidence-in  (cdnf'ido  w.  Dat. )  wicked 
men,  should  I  not  be  often  deceived  ?  4.  Did  the  orator  tell 
the  boys  a  charming  story  ?  5.  I  do  not  know  who  has  dealt 
{injligo,  3.  w.  Dat.)  my  friend  that  wound.  He  himself  does 
not  know  who  has  wounded  {vulnero,  1.)  him.  6.  Anacharsis 
[when]  asked  what  was  the  best  and  what  was  the  worst  in 
man,  answered  :  The  tongue.  7.  The  same-man  [when] 
asked  what  ships  were  safest,  answered  :  [Those]  which  are 
drawn  up  (Perf.  Pass,  of  suhcUico)  on  dry  land  {in  dridum).  8. 
The  wolf  asked  the  shepherd  why  he  was  about  to  hang  him. 
The  shepherd  replied  :  You  know  why  I  am  about  to  hang 
you.  9.  I  asked  the  robber  why  he  was  about  to  deprive  the 
boy  of  his  clothing. 

J8®"  Reading  Lesson  XV.,  p.  172. 


XLIII.  DEPONENT  VERBS. 

133.  Deponent  Verbs  are  reflexive  verbs,  which 
are  not  used  in  the  Active  Yoice  except  in  a  few  forms. 

In  the  reflexive  verb  the  subject  acts  on  or  for  itself,  e.  g. :  amplector, 
I  emhrace  (fold  myself,  put  my  arms  around),  periclitor,  /  run  my  risk 
(stake  myself),     rixamur,  we  squabble  (snap  at  one  another). 

Some  Verbs,  such  as  vehor,  ride,  and  videor,  seern,  although  they 
have  Actives,  produce  the  effect  of  Deponent  Verbs. 

Deponent  Verbs  are  so  called  because  they  are  said  to  lay  down  (de- 
ponere)  the  Active  form  and  the  Passive  signification. 


DEPONENT  VERBS. 


125 


134,    Deponent  of  the  First  Conjugation. 


INDICATIVE. 

leyJiort. 
Sing.— 1.  horto  r, 

2.  horta  ris,  etc. 


/  wan  fyhorling. 
Sing.— 1.  horta-ba  r, 

2.  horta-ba-ris,  etc. 


SUBJU^X•TIVE. 
Present. 

I  be  exhorting,  I  may  exhort. 
horter, 
horte-ris,  etc. 

iMPERrECT. 

I  were  exhorting,  I  might  exhort. 
horta  rer, 
liorta-r6-ris,  etc. 
Future. 


Sing. 


I  sJiall  exhort. 
-1.  horta  bo  r, 
2.  horta  be  ris,  etc. 


Perfect. 


Have  exhorted,  exhorted. 
Sing.— 1.  hortat  us,  -a,  -um,  sum,  etc. 
Pluk.— 1.  horta  1 1,  -ae,  -a,       Bumus,  etc. 


Have,  may  have,  exhorted. 
horta-t-us,  -a,  -um,    sim.  etc. 
horta  t-i,  -ae,  -a,       simus,  etc. 


Pluperfect. 
Had  eihorted.  Had.  might  have,  exhorted. 

SiNo.— 1.  hortatus, -a, -um,    eram,  etc.       hortat  us, -a, -am,    essem,ctc. 
Pllr.— 1.  hortati,  -ae,  -a,         eramus.         hortat  i,  -ae,  -a,        essSmus,  etc. 

Future  Perfect. 
Shall  hare  exhorted. 
Sing.— 1.  horta  t-us,  -a,  -um,  erS,  etc. 
Plur.— 1.  horta  t-i,  -ae,  -a,      erimus,  etc. 

IMPERATIVE. 
First. 
Sing.— 2.  horta-re,  exhort  thou. 


Plur.— 2.  horta-mini,  exhort  ye. 
INFINITIVE. 
Pre?,  horta-rl,  to  exhort. 
pERp.  horta  tum,  -am,  -um,  esse, 

to  have  exhorted. 
F.  P.  horta  t-um,  -am,  -um,  fore. 
Supine.  1.  horta-tum,  to  exhort^  for  ex- 
horting. 
2.  horta-tfl,  to  exhort,  in  the  ex- 
horting. 


Second. 

2.  horta-tor,  thou  shall  exhort. 

3.  horta-tor,  he  shall  exhort. 

3.  horta-ntor,  they  shall  exhort. 
PARTICIPLE. 
Perfect,  horta-t-us,  -a,  -um,  having 
exhorted. 


Gerund,  [horta  rl],  to  exhort,  exhort- 
ing. 
G.  hortand-I,  of  exhorting. 


ACTIVE  FORMS. 

PART.  Pres.  horta  n  s,  exhorting. 

Fut.  horta  tur-us,  -a,  -um 

to  exh'irt. 

INF.      Fut.   horta-tur-um,     -am,    -um, 

esse,  to  he  about  to  eahort. 


PASSIVE  IN  :meaning. 

Gerundive,  horta-nd-us,  -a,  -um, 
about  exliorttd. 


to  be 


126 


LATIK    PRIMER. 


13S.  Deponents  of  the  Second,  Third,  and  Fourth 

Conjugations. 


INDICATIVE. 

second  conj. 

THIRD    conj. 

fourth  conj. 

Pres. 
Impf. 

FUT. 

Perf. 
Plup. 
F.  Perf. 

vere-or. 
verg-ba-r. 
verg-bo-r. 
veri  t-us  sum. 
veri-t-us  eram. 
veri-t-us  ero. 

loqu-o-r. 
loqug-ba-r. 
loqu-ar. 
locu-t  us  sum. 
locti-t  us  eram. 
locu  t-us  er5. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

mentior. 
menti  6  bar. 
menti  a  r. 
menti-t-us  sum. 
menti  t-us  eram. 
menti  t-us  ero. 

Pres. 
Impf. 
Perf. 
Plupf. 

vere  a-r. 
vere-rer. 
veri-t-us  sim. 
veri-t-us  essem. 

loqua  r. 
loqu-e-re-r. 
locu-t-us  sim. 
locu  t-us  essem. 

IMPERATIVE. 

menti-a-r. 
menti  re-r. 
menti-t-us  sim. 
menti-t-us  essem. 

First.        2, 
Second.     2. 

,  ver6  re. 
vere-tor. 

loqu  ere. 
loqu-i-tor. 

INFINITIVE. 

menti-re. 
menti-tor. 

Pres. 
Perf. 
F.  Perf. 

verg-rl. 

veri  turn  esse. 

veri-t-um  Tore. 

loqul. 

locu-t-um  esse, 
locu-tum  fore. 

PARTICIPLE. 

menti-ri. 
menti-t-um  esse, 
menti-t  um  fore. 

Perf. 

veri-t-us,  -a,  -um. 

locu  t  us,  -a,  -um. 
GERUND. 

menti-t-us,  -a,  -um. 

G, 

[verg-ri]. 
.  vere-nd-i. 

[loqu-i]. 
G.  loque-nd-i. 

SUPINE. 

[menti-ri]. 
G.  menti-e  nd-i. 

First. 
Second. 

veri-tum. 
veri-tu. 

locu-tum. 
locu-tu. 

ACTIVE  FORMS. 

menti-tum. 
menti-tu. 

PART.Pres, 

FUT. 

INF.      FuT. 

verg-n-s. 
veri-ttir-us. 
veri-tur-um  esse. 

loqu-e-n-s. 
locu-tur-us. 
locu  tur-um  esse. 

menti- ens. 
menti-tur-us. 
menti-tur-um  esse. 

PASSIVE  IN  MEANING. 

Gerundive. 

vere-nd-us. 

loqu-e-nd-us- 

menti  e-nd-us. 

DEPONENT   VERBS. 


127 


136. 


List  of  Deponent  Verbs, 


FOR   STUDY   AND    REFERENCE. 


I.  Admiror, 

admirari, 

admlratus  sum, 

admire. 

111  like  manner  conjugate  : 

altercor, 

wrangle. 

glorior. 

brag. 

caviller, 

rally,  criticise. 

lamentor, 

make  lamentation. 

Conor, 

endeavor. 

lucror, 

make  gain,  inojil. 

conspicor, 

catch  sight  of. 

luctor, 

wrestle. 

contemplor. 

gaze  at. 

ludificor, 

make  sport  of,  fool. 

exsecror. 

curse. 

rixor, 

squabble. 

II.  Misereor, 

misereri, 

miseritus  sum, 

pity  (w.  Gen.). 

polliceor. 

polliceri, 

pollicitus  sum, 

prom  ise. 

tueor, 

tueri, 

(tuitus  sum), 

■  protect. 

tutor. 

tutari, 

tutatus  sum, 

(videor. 

viderl, 

visus  sum. 

seem). 

fateor. 

fateri. 

fassus  sum. 

confess. 

III.  Amplector, 

amplecti, 

amplexus  sum, 

embrace. 

egredior, 

egredi, 

egressus  sum, 

(step)  go  out. 

ingredior. 

ingredi, 

ingressus  sum, 

C7iter  on. 

ira.scor, 

irasci, 

iratus  sum, 

get  angry. 

labor  (delabt 

Dr),  labi, 

lapsus  sum, 

slip  (doivn). 

morior, 

mori, 

mortuus  sum, 

die. 

nanciscor, 

nancisci, 

nactus  sum, 

get. 

nascor, 

nascl, 

natus  sum, 

be  born. 

nitor, 

niti, 

nisus  sum, 

struggle. 

obliviscor, 

oblivisci, 

oblitus  sum, 

forget  (w.  Gen  ). 

patior. 

pati, 

passus  sum, 

sniffer. 

proficiscor. 

proficiscl, 

profectus  sum, 

set  out. 

revertor. 

reverti, 

[reversus  sum], 

r  return. 

[reverts, 

revertere], 

reverti, 

sequor, 

sequi, 

secutus  sum, 

follow. 

exsequor, 

exsequi, 

exsecutus  sum, 

carry  out,  execute. 

ulciscor, 

ulcisci, 

ultus  sum, 

avenge. 

utor, 

uti, 

usus  sum. 

use  (w.  Abl.). 

(vehor. 

vehi, 

vectus  sum, 

ride). 

vescor, 
IV.  Blandior, 

- 

feed  on  (w.  Abl. ). 
flatter  (w.  Dat.). 

vescij 
blandiri, 

blanditus  sum, 

orior  (Irreg.),       oriri, 

crtus  sum, 

rise. 

128  latik  primek. 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English  : 

A.  1.  Dum  cervus  imaginem  siiam  contemplutur  in  rivnlo, 
subito  prope  canes  tollunt  latratum.  2.  Duo  yiutorcs  asinum 
in  solitudine  conspicati  sunt.  Accurrunt  laeti  et  capiunt.  Mox 
oritur  contentio.  Dum  illi  de  efi  re  rixantur,  asinus  aufugit 
ac  neuter  quidquam  lucrutus  est.  3.  Fabro  i:)auperi  securis 
dC'lapsa  est  in  fluvium  profundum.  Turn  ille  in  ripa  sedens 
Ifimentfirl  incipit  et  clamare.  Deus  fluyil  !  miserere  mei. 
Deus  emersit  et  interrogayit  cur  lamentaretur.  4.  Sturnum 
cuculus  rogat  quomodo  homines  do  cantu  suo  loquantur. 
Sturnus  nesciebat  quomodo  homines  de  ejus  cantu  loqueren- 
tur.     5.  Mures  se  a  fele  tuerl  cuj)iebant. 

B.  1.  Urbl  Myndiorum,  quanquam  ipsa  erat  exigua,  perma- 
gnae  et  magnificae  erant  portae!  Cavillatus  est  ideo  Diogenes. 
Gives,  inquit,  claudite  portas  ne  urbs  vobis  egrediatur.  2. 
Cum  Canius  Julus  cum  imperfitore  Gajo  Caligula  diu  fuisset 
altercatus,  tyrannus  ille  dixit  :  Inepta  spe  videris  tibi  blandlri. 
Ad  mortem  t(3  duel  jussi.  3.  Soror  quotidie  equo  vehebatur. 
4.  Stultus  amico  confidit,  cujus  fidem  adverso  tempore  non 
est  expertus.  5.  Ad  bellum  proficiscens  imperator  flliolum 
amplexus  est.  6.  Fatere  peccata  ut  yeniam  nanciscfiris.  7. 
Cur  oblltus  es  magistri  ?  8.  Hercules  cum  duas  cerneret  vias, 
unam  Voluptatis,  alteram  Virtutis,  diu  dubitavit  utram  in- 
gredl  melius  esset.     Tandem  Virtutem  seciitus  est. 

H.  Translate  into  Iiatin : 

A.  1.  Would  that  you  were  not  making  lamentations.  2.  A 
certain  braggart  having  (cum)  returned  to  (reverto)  his  native 
land  began-to-boast  (Imperf.)  about  his  famous  achievements 
(facimis).  As  he  seemed  to  be  lying,  the  boys  laughed-at  him. 
3.  The  liberty,  which  we  enjoy  (fitor),  was  handed-down 
{trado,  115)  to  us  by  our  fathers.  4.  The  king  promised 
his  son-in-law  the  half  (dlmidium)  of  his  kingdom.  5.  I 
will  endeavor  to  carry  out  my  promises  {promissum).    6.  Noth- 


IMPERATIVE.  129 

ing  has  been  born  this  year  more  beautiful  than  my  daughter. 
7.  The  son  avenged  the  cruel  deatli  of  his  father. 

B.  1.  If  you  lie  (Fut.)  you  will  not  be  believed.  2.  Why, 
0  parents,  are  you  cursing  your  children  ?  3.  While  the  stag 
is  admiring  his  horns,  the  hunter  pierces  his  throat  with  an 
arrow.  4.  Bad  boys  like  to  [=  willingly]  fool  old  men.  5. 
DiomOdes,  king  of  the  Thrucians,  had  mares  {eqiia)  which  fed 
on  (Abl.j  liuman  flesh  (PI.).  G.  Antaeus,  son  of  the  Earth, 
used-to-wrestle  (Impf . )  with  strangers  [Jiospes,  iHs).  As  he  was 
forcing  (cogo,  3.)  Hercules  to  {ut)  wrestle  with  him  {sccum), 
the  hero  (herds)  said :  If  I  wrestle  [=  shall  wrestle]  with  you, 
you  will  die.     7.  Which  path  in  (Gen.)  life  shall  I  enter  on  ? 

e^  Reading  Lesson  XVI.,  p.  173. 


XLIV.  IMPERATIVE. 

137.  1.  The  Imperative  lias  two  forms :  the  First  and 
the  Second  (sometimes  called  the  Future)  Imperative. 

The  First  Imperative  has  only  the  Second  Person. 

ama,  love  (Jhou).  amare,  he  (thou)  loved. 

amate,  love  {ye).  amamini,  he  {ije)  loved. 

2.  The  Sscond  Imperative  has  both  Sacond  and  Third 
Persons. 

amato,  thou  slialt  love.  amator,  thou  shall  he  loved. 

amato,  he  shall  love.  amator,  he  shall  he  loved. 
amatote,  ye  shall  love. 

amantOj  they  shall  love.  amantor,  they  shall  be  loved. 

The   Second  Imperative  is  used  chiefly  in  laws  and 
maxims. 

3.  The  First  Person  is  represented  by  the  Subjunctive. 

amem,  let  me  love.  amer,  let  me  he  loved. 

amemus,  let  us  love.  amemur,  let  us  he  loved. 

6* 


130  LATIN   PEIMER. 

4  The  Negative  of  the  Imperative  is  ne,  not,  ngve  (neu), 
and  not. 

5.  In  the  ordinary  language  the  Negative  Imperative  of 
the  Second  Person  is  represented  by 

1.)  Noli  (PI.  Nolite),  Refuse,  with  the  Inf.,  or  by 
2.)  Ne  with  tlie  Perfect  Subjunctive. 

The  Third  Person  Positive  and  Negative  is  represented  by  the  Present 
Subjunctive,  the  Third  Person  Negative  by  the  Perfect  Subjunctive. 
The  Second  Person  Subjunctive  is  used  of  an  imaginary  '*  you." 

Positive. 

2  P.  Crede,  believe  ;  credits,  thou  shall  believe  ;  credsLs^  you  must  believe. 

3  P.  Credat,  let  him  believe  ;  credito,  he  shall  believe. 

Negative. 

2  P.  N5li  credere  (ne  crediderls);  do  not  believe  ;  ne  credito,  thou  shall 

not  believe;  ne  credas,  you  must  not  believe. 

3  P.  Ne  credat  (ne  crediderit),  let  him  not  believe;  ne  credito,  he  shall 

7wt  believe. 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  Engrlish : 

1.  Matrona  quaedam,  cum  ornamenta  sua  Corneliae  osten- 
tavisset,  festinabat  discedere.  Sed  Cornelia  :  Noli  discedere, 
inquit,  et  traxit  cam  sermone  donee  e  schola  revertorunt  pueri. 
Turn  :  Aspice,  inquit ;  haec  sunt  mea  ornamenta.  2.  Cum 
duo  angues  apud  Tiberium  Gracchum  comprehensi  essent : 
FCmina,  inquit,  emittatur.  3.  Ne  humato  in  urbe  cadaver. 
4.  Agaso  juveni  dixit  :  Ne  consederis  sub  asino.  5.  Ne 
rixeris  cum  fatuo.  6.  Audiamus  alteram  partem.  7.  Portae 
prima  luce  aperiuntor,  ante  solis  occasum  clauduntor.  8. 
Ulciscumur  patriae  injurius.  9.  Ne  occidito  hominem.  10. 
Leo  dixit :  Restat  quarta  pars.  At  ne  quisquam  vestrum  audeat 
eam  tangere. 

IT.  Translate  into  Latin : 

A.  1.  Beheve  me.  Let  me  be  beheved.  2.  Do  not  touch 
wine.     3.  [My]  friend  seemed  to  me  to  say  :  Since  {quoniam) 


ADVERBS.  131 

you  did  not  come-to-my-help  {miln  subvenire)  [when  I  was] 
living,  do  not  suffer  my  death  to  be  unavenged  {inultus,  «, 
tun).  4.  The  fox  and  the  wolf  togetlier  {and)  approached  the 
lion's  cave.  Let  us  enter,  said  the  wolf.  Let  us  not  enter, 
rejoined  tlie  fox,  for  I  see  no  tracks  {vest'igium)  backward.  5. 
Admire  the  wise,  imitate  {imitCir'i)  the  good.  6.  You  must 
not  quarrel  with  a  stronger  [man]. 

B.  1.  One  of  the  mice  said  :  Let  us  tie  a  bell  to  the  cat. 
Well  {jam),  said  another,  do  you  tie  the  bell.  2.  My  father 
says  every  day  (quot'tdie):  You  [=  one]  must  not  judge  men 
by  [their]  clothes  and  personal-appearance  {forma).  3.  Let 
the  judge  hear  the  other  side.  4.  The  wisest  of  the  frogs  said: 
Do  not  demand  another  king.  5.  First  {prlmum)  catch  [your] 
hare.  G.  Let  not  wicked  men  dare  to  bribe  {corrnmpd,  3. )  the 
gods  by  gifts.  7.  Do  not  flatter  yourself  ;  I  have  ordered  you 
to  be  led  to  execution  {mors), 

t^~  Reading  Lesson  XVII.,  p.  173. 


XLV.  ADVERBS. 

138.  Adverbs  are  either  oblique  cases  or  mutilated 
forms  of  oblique  cases  of  the  corresponding  adjectives. 

1.  Adjectives  of  the  Second  Declension  form  the  adverb  in 
6  (mutilated  Ablative). 

altus,  lofti/,  alte ;  pulcher,  beautiful,  pulchre  ;  miser,  ivretched,  misere. 

2.  The  Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension  form  their  ad- 
verbs by  adding  -ter  to  the  stem  ;  stems  in  -nt  dropping  the  t, 
and  stems  in  a  K-mute  inserting  i  before  the  ending. 

fortis,  brave,  forti-ter  j  fer5x,  wild,  feroc-i-ter;  prudena^  foreseeijig,  pru- 
den-ter. 

Exceptions.— audSx.  bold,  audSc  ter  (seldom  audSc-i-ter) :  difficilis.  hard  to  do, 
difficul-ter  and  difficili-ter.  But  instead  of  these,  generally,  nOn  facile,  vix,  aegr6- 


132 


LATIK    PRIMER. 


3.  The  Ablative  of  some  adjectives  serves  as  an  adverb  : 

tuto,  safely ;  falso,  falsely  ;  subito,  suddenly ;  continue,  forlhwith; 
improvise,  unexpectedly  ;  prim5,  at  first. 

consulte  and  consulto,  purposely  ;  certe,  at  least,  and  certo,  certainly. 

rare,  thinly,  and  raro,  seldom  ;  vere,  in  truth,  and  ver5,  true  but. 

recti,  correctly,  and  recta,  straightway;  dextere,  skilfully,  and 
dextera  or  dextra,  to  the  right ;  sinistra  and  laeva,  to  the  left  hand. 

4.  The  Accusative  neuter  of  many  adjectives  is  used  as  an 
adverb.     This  is  true  of  all  Comparatives, 

Multum,  much;  paulum,  <n^  little;  nimium,  too  much;  ceterum, /or 
the  rest ;  primum,  first ;  postremunij  finally  ;  potissimnm,  chiefly,  pref- 
erably ;  facile,  easily  ;  dulce,  sweetly  ;  triste,  sadly  ;  impiine,  scot-free. 


130. 


Comparison  of  Adverbs. 


Positive. 

Comparative. 

Superlative. 

alte, 

loftily. 

altius, 

altissimg. 

pulchre, 

beautifulhj. 

pulchrius. 

pulcherrime. 

misere, 

poorly,  inimusly. 

miserius, 

miserrime. 

fortiter, 

bravely. 

fortius. 

fortissime. 

audacter, 

boldly. 

audacius. 

audacissimg. 

tuto, 

safdy. 

tutius. 

tutissime. 

facile, 

easily. 

facilius, 

facillimg. 

bene, 

well. 

melius, 

optime. 

male, 

ill. 

pejus. 

pessime- 

[parvus], 

small. 

minus, 

less. 

minime,  least,  by  no  means 

[magnus], 

.  great. 

mag-is, 

more. 

maxim  e,  most. 

multum, 

much. 

plus. 

more. 

pltirimum. 

cito, 

qtdcTcly. 

citius. 

citissime. 

diu, 

long  {tiine). 

dititius, 

diutissimg. 

saepe. 

often. 

saepius, 

saepissimg. 

_ 

recently. 

ntiperrimg. 

Euper, 

' 

satis. 

enough. 

satius, 

better. 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English.  : 

(Substituting  Adverbs  for  the  Adjectives  in  parentheses)  : 
A.  1.    Passer   (callidus)    ceperat   culicem.      Culex   (miser) 
clamabat  :  Concede   mihi   vltam.      (Ferox)    respondet    ille  : 
(Citus)  te  devorabo.     Passerem   (festinans)    edentem  (conti- 


ADVERBS.  133 

nuus)  conspicatur  accipiter  et  (crudelis)  imgiiibus  corripit. 
Turn  passer  (anxius)  clamavit  :  Cur  me  necas  ?  Nihil  i)ec- 
cavl.  Sed  omnia  frustra.  Diim  accipiter  passerem  (cupidus) 
devorat,  (siibitus)  ex  acre  devolat  viiltur  et  corripit  accipitrem. 
Magiie  rex,  clamat  accipiter :  Cur  me  (atrox)  interficis  ? 
(Nimius)  loqueris,  respondit  yultur.  Vix  dixerat  et  (imi^ro- 
visus)  superbo  vulturi  venator  coUum  sagitta  perforavit.  Cur 
m(i  interficis  ?  (flebilis)  clamat  yultur.  Jiire  te  interficio, 
(superbus)  resj)ondet  yenator.  Nam  ego  sum  magnus,  tu  es 
paryus. 

B.  1.  Pater  filium  interrogat  utra  ayis  tam  (suavis)  canat. 
Fllius  statim  :  Sine  dubio,  inquit,  acantliis  (suayior)  canit 
quam  luscinia.     Pennas  (certus)  habet  pulchriores. 

2.  Vulpes  (blandissimus)  salutayit  gallinas.  Laetum  acci- 
pite  nuntium.  Pax  est  facta.  Descendite.  (Bonus)  mones, 
(prudens)  respondet  gallus,  qui  (optimus)  perspexerat  fraudeui 
yulpis.  (Libens)  descendemus.  Canis,  quem  (dexter)  accur- 
reutem  yideo,  testis  esto.  (Dexter)  yenit  canis  ?  secum  dixit 
vulpes.     Ego  (sinister)  fugiam. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin  : 

1.  The  cow,  the  sheep,  [and]  the  goat  had  foolishly  made  a 
partnership  with  the  lion.  A  little  (paulo)  afterward  they 
caught  a  very  large  stag.  The  lion  immediately  made  four 
(qiiattuor)  parts,  but  haughtily  took  [them]  all.  2.  The  ser- 
vants mauled  the  donkey  most  pitiably  {miser).  3.  While  the 
travellers  are  squabbling  hotly  (Sui:)crl.  of  deer)  about  the 
donkey,  he  {ille)  ran-away  swiftly  (SuiDcrl.).  4.  Which  of 
the  two  is  the  more  violently  tortured,  the  wolf  or  {an)  the 
crane  ?  5.  The  countr\Tnan  endeavored  for-a-very-long-time 
to  restore  harmony  between  his  sons.  G.  I  have  observed 
{servo,  1.)  all  thy  precepts  most  scrupulously  {reUgiosus).  7. 
In  India  several  {comjjlures)  women  haye  one  husband  in-com- 
mon {cornrnunis,  e).  They  very  often  contend  {certo,  1.)  which 
wife  he  {iUe)  loves  {dlligd,  3.)  most. 

^i^  Reading  Lesson  XVIII.,  p.  174. 


134 


LATIiq-   PEIMER. 


XLVI.  NUMERALS. 

140,  Wumeral  Adjectives.  The  Cardinal  numerals 
are  indeclinable,  except :  unus,  one,  duo,  two,  tres,  three, 
the  hundreds  beginning  with  ducenti,^2^o  hundred,  and  the 
plural  milia,  thousands,  which  forms  milium  and  mllibus. 


G. 

duo,       two, 
duorum, 

duae, 
duarum, 

duo, 
duorum, 

tres, 
trium, 

D. 

duobus. 

duabus. 

duobus. 

tribus. 

A. 

duos,  duo. 

duas, 

duo. 

tres. 

Ab. 

duobus. 

duabus, 

duobus 

tribus. 

tria. 


tria. 


Like  duo  is  declined  ambo,  -ae,  -Oj  hoili, 
14:1,  1.  Cardinal  Numbers. 


2,  Ordinal  Numbers. 


1 1 

unus,  una,  unum 

primus,  -a,  -um  (prior). 

2  II 

duo,  duae,  duo 

secundus  (alter). 

3  III 

tres,  tria 

tertius 

4  IV 

quattuor 

quartus 

5  V 

quinque 

quintus 

G  VI 

sex 

sextus 

7  VII 

septem 

Septimus 

8  VIII 

octo 

octavus 

9  IX 

novem 

nonus 

10  X 

decern 

decimus 

11  XI 

undecim 

undecimus 

12  XII 

duodecim 

duo  decimus 

13  XIII 

tredecim 

tertius  decimus 

14  XIV 

quattuordecim 

quartus  decimus 

15  XV 

quindecim 

quintus  decimus 

10  XVI 

sedecim 

sextus  decimus 

17  XVII 

septendecim 

Septimus  decimus 

18  XVIII 

duodeviginti 

duodevicesimus 

19  XIX 

undeviginti 

undevicesimus 

20  XX 

viginti 

vicesimus 

21  XXI 

viginti  unus 

vicesimus  primus 

28  XXVIII 

duodetriginta 

duodetricesimus 

29  XXIX 

undetriginta 

undetricesimus 

30  XXX 

triginta 

tricesimus 

40  XL 

quadraginta 

quadragesimus 

NUMERALS. 


136 


1.  Cardinal  Numbers. 


50  L 
60  LX 
70  LXX 
80  LXXX 
90  XC 

100  C 

101  CI 
200  CC 
300  CCC 
400  CCCC 
500  Ddo) 
GOO  DC 
700  DCC 
800  DCCC 
900  DCCCC 

1000  M  (CIq) 

1001  Ml 
1101  MCI 

2000  MM 

5000  loo 
10,000  CCIoo 
21,000 


quinquflginta 

sexaginta 

septwaginta 

octcyginta 

nOnaginta 

centum 

centum  et  unus 

ducenti,  -ae,  -a 

trecenti 

quadrmgenti 

quingenti 

sescenti 

septmgenti 

octiTJgenti 

nongenti 

mille 

mille  et  unus 

mille  centum  unus 

duo  milia 
quinque  milia 
decem  milia 
unum  et  viginti  milia 


100,000  CCCIooo  centum  milia 
centena  milia 
,000,000  decies  centena  milia 


2.  Ordinal  Numbers. 

quinquagesimus 
sexagesimus 
septuagesimus 
octogesimus 
nonagesimus 
centesimus 
centesimus  primus 
ducentesimus 
trecentesimus 
quadringentesimus 
quingentesimus 
sescentesimus 
septingentesimus 
octingentesimus 
nongentesimus 
millesimus 
millesimus  primus 
millesimus  centesimus  pri- 
mus 
bis   millesimus 
quinquies  millesimus 
decies  millesimus 
semel  et  vicies  millesimus 
centies  millesimus 

decies  centies  millesimus 


f^T~  CentSna  milia  is  often  omitted  after  the  numeral  adverbs  :  deciSs  =  1  million, 
trIciSs  =  3  millions,  etc. 


142 


Compound  Numerals. 


1.  From  10  to  20,  as  in  the  tables,  or  separately:  decem  et  tres. 

2.  The  numbers  18,  19,  28,  20,  etc.,  are  commonly  expressed  by  sub- 
traction. 

3.  From  20  to  100,  the  compound  numerals  stand  in  the  same  order  as 
the  English:  twenty-one,  viginti  unus  ;  or  one  and  twenty,  unus  et  viginti. 

As,  21  years  old :  annos  unum  et  viginti  (viginti  unum),  unum  et  vi- 
ginti annos  natus. 


136  LATIK   PRIMER. 

4.  From  100  on,  et  is  inserted  after  the  first  numeral,  or  omitted  altc 
gether  :  mille  et  centum  unus,  or,  mille  centum  unus  =  1101. 

i^~  The  utmost  readiness  in  the  use  of  tlie  numerals  should  be  insisted  on.     Hence 
the  neccst^ity  for  daily  rc\  iew. 

143.  Joules  of  Syntax :  1.  In  the  Singular  mille  is 
an  indeclinable  Adjective ;  in  the  Plural  it  is  a  Substan- 
tive and  takes  the  Genitive. 

mille  milites,  a  thoiisand  soldiers. 

duo  milia  militum,  two  thousand  soldiers. 

2.  Space  How  Much  is  put  in  the  Accusative  with 
longus,  latus,  and  altus. 

Fossa  pedes  trecentos  longa  est,  sex  pedes  alta.  The  ditch  is  three  hun- 
dred feet  long,  six  feet 


3.  Measure  of  Difference  is  put  in  the  Ablative. 

Turris  decern  pedibus  altior  est  quam  murus,  The   tower  is  (by)  ten  feet 
higher  than  the  wall. 

Exercise. 

Translate  into  English  : 

1.  Suetonius  vitas  duodecim  Caesarum  scripsit,  quas  octo 
libris  complexus  est,  unde  haec  siimpta  sunt.  2.  Julius  tribus 
et  vigintl  plagis  confossus  mortuus  est  sexto  et  quinqua- 
gesimo  aetatis  anno.  Percussorum  nemo  triennio  supervixit 
{survived).  3.  Augustus  natus  est  eodem  anno,  quo  Cicero  con- 
sul est  creatus,  sexagesimo  tertio  ante  Christum  nutum.  Vixit 
annos  septuagintfi  sex,  dies  quinque  et  triginta.  Testamen- 
tum  anno  et  quattuor  mensibus  ante  mortem  fecerat.  4. 
Tiberius  tertio  et  vicesimo  anno  imperii  decessit,  cum  septua- 
gintfi octo  annos  vixisset.  5.  Claudius  vixit  annos  sexagintii 
quattuor,  imperavit  quattuordecim.  6.  Mortuus  est  Nero 
sscundo  et  tricesimo  aetatis  anno,  imperii  quarto  decimo.  7. 
Galba  exstinctus  est  tertio  et  septuagesimo  aetatis  anno^,  im- 


NUMERALS. 


137 


peril  mense  septimo.  8.  Otho  pugione  se  trajecit  duode- 
quadriigesimo  aetatis  anno,  nonagosimo  imperil  die.  9.  Vitel- 
liiis  jugulatus  est  anno  vitae  septimo  quinquagOsimo.  10. 
Vespasianus  nono  consulatu,  undOseptuagesimo  aetdtis  anno 
cxstiiictus  est.  11.  Excessit  Titus  VespasianI  filius  altero  et 
qiiadragesimo  aetatis  anno.  12.  Occlsus  est  Domitianus  anno 
aetatis  qiiadragesimo  quinto,  imperii  quinto  decimo.  13.  In 
iirbc  sunt  mille  milites ;  duo  mllia  liostium  iirbem  obsident. 
14.  Templum  Dianae  Epliesiao  quadringentos  quinquaginta 
pedes  longum,  ducentos  vigintl  jDedes  latum  fuit. 


XLVII.  NUMERALS— (Continued). 
144.  3.  Distributive  Numerals. 


1  singuli,  -ae,  -a, 

one  each. 

22  viceni  bini,  bini  et  viceni 

2  bini,  -ae,  -a, 

two  each. 

28  duodetriceni 

3  terni 

29  undetriceni 

4  quatemi 

30  triceni 

5  quini 

40  quadrageni 

G  seni 

50  quinquageni 

7  septeni 

60  sexageni 

8  octoni 

70  septuageni 

9  noveni 

80  octogeni 

10  deni 

90  nonageni 

11  undeni 

100  centeni 

12  duodeni 

200  duceni 

in  terni  denI 

300  treceni 

14  quatemi  deni 

400  quadringeni 

15  quini  deni 

500  quingeni 

IG  seni  deni 

GOO  sexceni 

17  septeni  deni 

700  septingeni 

18  octoni  deni,  duodeviceni 

800  octingeni 

l9  noveni  denij  undeviceni 

900  nongeni 

20  viceni 

1,000  singula  milia 

21  viceni  singuli 

100,000  centena  miUa 

138 


LATIK   PRIMER. 


145,  Numeral  Adverbs. 


1  semelj 

once. 

22  bis    et   vicies,   vicies  et 

2  bis, 

twice. 

bis,  vicies  bis 

3  ter 

30  tricies 

4  quater 

40  quadragies 

5  quinquies 

(quinquiens) 

50  quinquagies 

G  sexies 

60  sexagies 

7  septies 

70  septuagies 

8  octies 

80  octogies 

9  novies 

90  nonagies 

10  decies 

100  centies 

11  undecies 

200  ducenties 

12  duodecies 

300  trecenties 

13  ter  decies 

,  tredecies 

400  quadringenties 

14  quater  decies,  quattuordecies 

500  quingenties 

15  quinquies 

decies,  quindecies 

600  sexcenties 

16  sexies  decies,  eg  decies 

700  septingenties 

17  septies  decies 

800  octingenties 

18  duodevicies,  octies  decies 

900  nongenties 

19  undevicies,  novie  3  decies 

1,000  millies 

20  vicies 

2,000  bis  miUies 

21  semel   et 

vicies,  vicies    et 

100,000  centies  millies 

semel, 

vicies  semel 

1,000,000  millies    millies,   decies 
centies  millies 

Remark. — The  Distributives  must  be  used  whenever  there  is  repeti- 
tion, as  in  the  multiplication  table  : 

Duo  mala,  two  apples  ;  but  bis  b  i  n  a  mala,  twice  two  apples, 
Tribus  pueris  tres  dedi  nuces,  I  gave  three  hoys  three  nuts. 
Tribus  pueris  ternas  dedi  nuces,  I  gave  three  hoys  three  nuts  apiece. 

When  singuli  is  expressed  the  Cardinal  may  be  used. 


Exercises. 

I.  Give  Cardinals,  Ordinals,  and  Distributives  for  the  following  num- 
bers : 


XLIII.  —  LXI.  —  LXVIII.  —  LXXII.  —  C. — CLIV. — CLXXXV. — 
OCX  VI.  —  CCCXIV.  —  CCCLXXXIX.  — DXVII. — DCI. — DCCXIII. — 
DCCCXXV.— MCCXXXIX. 


IRREGULAR   VERBS.  189 

n.   Translate  into  English: 

1.  Duo  puerl  seniis  postulaverunt  nuces ;  utrique  quinas 
dedi.  2.  Id  dixi  sexcenties.  3.  In  singulis  nfivibus  erant 
fere  octOgiuta  tres  homines.  4.  Singulis  vestrum  mille  scster- 
tios  darl  jussit.  5.  Puerl  dena  milia  passuum  ambula- 
bant,  6.  Caesar  decies  senos  addidit  trecentis  etquinque  die- 
bus.     7.  Ter  quini  sunt  quindecim. 

in.  Translata  into  Latin: 

1.  Cicero  was  six  years  {sexennium)  older  than  Caesar, 
twenty  years  older  than  Sallust,  who  married  {clued)  Tcrentia, 
whom  he  (ille  =  Cicero)  had  divorced  (repudio,  1.)  after  a 
marriage  {mCitrirndnium)  of  thirty  years.  The  same  [Teren- 
tia]  lived  one  hundred  and  three  years.  2.  Coroebus  con- 
quered in  the  first  Olympiad  {Olympias,  ddis,  fem.)  in  the 
year  770  (ordinal)  before  the  birth  of  Christ  [=  Christ  born]. 
3.  I  Avill  give  two  books  to  each  scholar,  ten  books  to  each 
class  (Ordo),  4.  What  o'clock  is  it  [—  The  how  many  'tli 
{quotus,  a,  urn)  hour  is  it]  ?  It  is  nine  o'clock  [—  the  ninth 
hour].  5.  Three  thousand  foot-soldiers  are  besieging  the 
city;  one  thousand  cavalry  are  ravaging  (2)opulor,  1,)  the 
country  {ager).  6.  Twice  two  thousand  is  four  thousand. 
7.  Nine  years,  cried  the  augur,  we  shall  endure  {perferoy  3.) 
the  toils  of  war.     In  the  tenth  Troy  {Troja)  shall  full. 

^^  Reading  Lesson  XIX.,  p.  175. 


XLVIII.  IRREGULAR  VERBS. 
140.  I.  1.   Co  niim  iinds  (}f  swm,  I  am, 

ab-sum,       I  am  away,  absent.  Perf.  ob-sum,        I  am  against,  I  hurt. 

afuL  Perf.  obfui  or  oflfuL 

ad-sum,       Jam  present.  Perf.  aflftu.  prae-sum,    I  amover,  Isuperinien'', 
de-sum,      I  am  wanting.  pro-sum,      I  am  for,  I  profit. 

In-sum,        /  am  in.  sub-sum,      /  am  under.     No  Perf. 

inter-sum,  I  am  between.  super-sum,  I  am,  or  remain,  over. 

Remark.— Only  absum  and  praesum  form  present  participles  :  absSns,  absent, 
end  praesens,  present. 


140  LATIK   PRIMER. 

147,  2.  Prosum,  I  profit. 

In  the  forms  of  prosum,  prod-  is  used  before  vowels. 

INDICATIVE.  SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present.  pro-sum,  prod-es,  prod- est,  pro-sim, 

pro-sumuSj  pr5d-estis,  pro-sunt, 

Imperfect,  prOd-eram,  prod-essem, 

Future.  pr5d-ero, 

Perfect.  pro-fui,  pro-fuerim, 

Pluperfect,  pro-fueram,  pro-fuissem. 

FuT.  Perf,  pro-fuero. 

INFINITIVE.      Pkes.    prod-esse  j   Perp.    pro-fiiisse ;    Fut.  pr5-futu- 
rum  esse. 

14:8,  3.  Possum,  I  am  able,  I  can. 

Possum  is  compounded  of  pot  (potis,  pote)  and  sum ;  f  is 
dropped  after  t ;  and  t  becomes  s  before  s. 

INDICATIVE.  SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present. 

Sing,— 1.  pos-STim, /«w*  «W<?,  crt/?.  pos-sim,       Ibeable. 

2.  pot  es,  pos  sis, 

3.  potest,  pos-sit, 

Plur.— 1.  possumus,  pos-simus, 

2.  potestis,  pos-sitis, 

3.  pos-sunt.  pos-sint. 

Imperfect, 
Sing.— 1.  pot-eram,  I  was  able,  could.  pos-sem,  Iioere,  might  he,  able. 

2.  pot-eras,  etc.  pos-sSs,  etc. 

Future. 
Sing.- 1.  pot-ero,  I  shall  be  able. 
2.  pot-eris.  etc. 

Perfect. 
Sing.— 1.  pot-ui,  I  have  been  able,  etc,  pat-uerim,  /  have,  may  have,  been  able,  etc. 

Pluperfect. 
Sing.— 1.  pot-ueram,  I  had  been  able,  etc.    potuissem,  Ihad,  might  have  been  able,  etc. 

Future  Perfect, 
Sing.— 1.  pot-uero,  I  shall  have  been  able,  etc 

INFINITIVE.    Pres.  Pos-se,  to  be  able.       Perp,  Fot-uisse,  to  have  been  able. 


irkegular  verbs.  141 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English  : 

I.  Peregrinus  quldam  alteru  pede  stiins  LaconT  dicObat :  Tu 
tantuin  tempus  quantum  ego  pede  uno  stdre  nun  potes.  Laco  : 
MinimO,  inquit  :  sed  ex  anseribus  quivis  tf;  superare  potest.  2. 
DiogenCs  Cynicus  projici  sO  jussit  inlmmatum.  Turn  amici  : 
Volucnbusne  et  ferls  ?_  ^linimO  vCt6,  inquit,  sed  bacillum  pro- 
pter mG  ponitute  ut  abigam.  Qui  {how)  poteris  ?  illl  respondG- 
runt ;  nun  enim  sentiOs.  Quid  igitur  mihi  ferarum  laniatus 
oberit  nihil  sentient!  ?  3.  Tliraso  reversus  in  patriam,  unde 
aliquot  annos  afuerat,  jactfibat  sua  facinora.  Inter  alia  osten- 
dObat  spatil  longitudinem.  Nemo,  inquit,  praeter  me  banc 
longitudinem  potuit  saltu  superare.  tjnus  dc  circulO  :  Non 
quaerimus,  inquit,  quid  facere  potueris,  sed  quid  nunc  facere 
possls. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin : 

1.  The  fly  said  to  the  weary  bull :  If  I  weigh  you  down  too 
much,  I  will  fly  away.  That  will  do  me  no  good  (prodesse), 
answered  the  bull.  2.  Poor  men  have  often  been -of- service 
(prOdesse)  to  rich  men.  3.  The  soldiers,  whose  bravery  all 
admire,  are  here  (adsum).  4.  Those  who  have  been  absent 
will  learn  those  poems  which  the  other  scholars  have  learned. 
5.  Marcus  was-in-command-of  ( praesum  w.  Dat. )  the  army. 


140,    II.  Eo,  I  (JO.     Inf.  l-re. 

Stem  i-,  which  before  a,  o,  u  becomes  e. 


INDICATIVE. 

Present. 

SUBJUNOTIVK 

If/0. 

Ibe  going. 

Sing.— 1.  e  5, 

e-a-m. 

2.1s, 

e-Ss, 

3.  it, 

eat. 

Plub.— 1. 1  mtis, 

e-a-mus, 

2. 1  tis, 

e-a-tis. 

3.  e-u-nt 

e-a-nt. 

142 


LATIK    PRIMER. 


INDICATIVE, 
Impeuf. 

FlTT. 

Perf. 
Plupehf. 

Put.  Perf 


i-ba-m,  I  went. 

Ibo,  I  shall  go. 

i-vi  (compds.  -i  i),  IJiave  gone. 

i-ve-ra-m  (ex  i-e-ra-m),  I  had  gone. 

i  ve-ro  (ex  i-e-r-o). 


INFINITIVE  :  Pres.  i  re.    Perf.  i-vi  sse  (isse). 
PARTICIPLES  :  Pres.  i-5-n-S.     Gen.  e-U  nt-is- 
GERUND :  e-U  nd  i. 
SUPINE;  itum,  to  go. 


SUBJUNCTIVE. 
I-re-m,  /  loere  going. 

I-ve-ri  m  (ex  i  e-ri-m). 
I  vi-sse-m  (ex-i-sse-m). 


FuT.  i-tur-um  esse. 
FuT.  i-tiir-us. 


IMPERATIVE. 


First. 
Sing. — 3.  I,       go  ilwu. 

Plur.— 2.  l-te,  go  ye. 


Second. 

2.  I  to,  thon  Shalt  go. 

3.  I-tO,  he  shall  go. 

2.  i-tote,       ye  shall  go. 

3.  e-u-ntS-    they  shall  go. 


loO'     III.  Fero,  Hear,     Inf.  fer-re. 

The  vowel  i  is  dropped  before  t  and  s,  and  e  before  r. 

Active.  Passive. 

INDICATIVE.  SUBJUNCTIVE.  INDICATIVE.  SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present.  Present. 

Hear.  I  be  bearing.  I  am  borne.  I  be  borne. 

Sing.— 1.  fer-o,  fer-a-m,  Sing.— 1.  fer-o-r,  fer  a-r, 


2.  fer-s, 

fer-a-s, 

2.  fer-ris, 

fer-a-ris, 

3.  fer-t. 

fer- at. 

3.  fer-tur, 

fer-atur, 

Plur.— 1.  fer-i-mus, 

fer  a-mus, 

Plur.— 1.  fer-i-mur, 

fer-a-mur, 

2.  fer-tis, 

fer-a-tis, 

2.  fer-i-mini, 

fer-a-mini, 

3.  fer-u-nt. 

fer-a-nt. 

3.  fer-u-ntur. 

fer-a-ntur. 

Imperf.:     fer-gba-m, 

fer-re  m. 

Imperf.:     fer-5-ba-r, 

fer-re-r. 

Future  :    fer-a-m. 

Future:     fer-a-r. 

Perfect:    tul  i, 

tul-e-ri-m. 

Perfect:    la-t-us  sum, 

la-tus  sim. 

Pluperf.:  tule-ra-m, 

tul-isse-m. 

Pluperf.:  la-tus  eram, 

la-t-us  essem. 

F.  Perf.:    tul  ero- 

F.  Perf.:  la-tus  ero 

INF.        Pres.    fer-re. 

INF.      Pres. 

fer-ri. 

Perf.    tul  i-sse- 

Perf. 

lat 

-um  esse. 

FuT.      la-tur-um  esse. 

FUT. 

la-t 

-um  Iri. 

F.  Perf. 

lat 

-um  fore. 

PART.      Pres.    fer-5-ns. 

PART.    Perfect. 

la-t 

-us. 

FuT.      la-tur- 

us. 

Gerundive.  fer-( 

B-nd'US. 

SUPINE:              latum. 

GERUND:           fer-e-nd-i. 

IRREGULAR   VERBS.  143 


IMPERATIVE. 

First,                     Second. 

First. 

Second. 

Sing.— 2.  fer,             2.  fer  tO- 

SiNo.— 2.  ferre, 

2.  fer  tor. 

3.  fer-tS. 

3.  fer- tor. 

PLUR.-2.  fer-te,        2.  fer  tOte. 

Plur.— 2.  fer-i-minl, 

3.  fer-u-ntO. 

3.  fer-u-ntor. 

Compounds  of  fero  : 

afferO.           af-fer-re,              at-tnl-I, 

alls  turn, 

to  bear  to. 

au  fer  0.           au  fer  re.             abs  tull, 

ab-la-tum, 

to  b<ar  away. 

c5n  fer  5.         c5n  fer  re.            con-tul  L 

colla-tum, 

to  colled. 

differ-6.          differ-re,             dis-tul  i, 

dilatum, 

to2n(toff. 

ef  fer  0.            ef  fer-re.              ex-tul-I, 

61a-tum, 

to  carry  ovt. 

offers.            of  fer  re,              ob-tull, 

ob-la  turn. 

to  offer. 

Remark.— Suffers.  /  viulergo,  has  the  Perfect  sus-tin-ul  (sus-tul-I,  subla-tum, 

being  appropriated  to  toll-6). 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  Enirlish  : 

I.  Ranae,  cum  orarent  ut  a  ciconia  liberarentur,  deum  non 
movC'bant  querelTs.  Benignimi,  inquit,  et  placidum  regem 
noil  tulistis  ;  jam  ferimi  et  barbarum  fertote.  2.  Equus,  a 
cervO  pulsus,  tandem  auxilium  petivit  ab  homine.  Rediit 
cum  homine,  ac  cervum  Yicit.  Sed  jam  ipse  homini  servlrc 
cOgitur,  equitem  dorso  ferre  et  ore  frenum.  3.  Cum  vulpes 
cauta  ante  speluncam  procul  staret  saliitans  regem,  leo  :  Cur 
non  intras  ?  interrogavit.  Vulpes  respondet  :  Quod  video 
vestigia  ineuntium  multa,  at  nulla  exeuntium.  4.  Eamus  et 
miserls  amicis  auxilium  feramus.  5.  Rusticus,  cum  exiret  in 
agros  ad  opus  suum,  filiolum  reliquit  in  cunis  dormientem. 
Cum  redisset,  cunas  eversas  vidit.  6.  Hercules,  cum  secum 
dellberaret  quam  viam  vitae  deberet  inire,  exiit  in  solitudi- 
nem.     7.  Virtus  :  Mecum,  inquit,  tutissimus  ibis. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin: 

1.  Do  not  put  off  to  (i7i)  the  morrow  (crastinics  dies)  what 
you  can  do  to-day  (hodie).  2.  As  the  Greeks  were  returning 
(redeO)  from  (ab)  Ilium,  many  perished  by  shipwreck  (7iaU' 
fragiimi),  3.  Would  that  the  bad  were  not  preferred  (prae- 
fero  with  Dat.)  to  the  good.     4.  The  spider  persuaded  the 


144 


LATIK   PRIMER. 


fly  to  enter  {ineo  w.  Ace.)  her  (suus)  house.  5.  Bring  me 
aid.  If  you  do  not  (nisi  with  Fut. )  bring  me  aid,  I  shall  not 
be  able  to  defend  the  city.  6.  The  old-man  went  out  (exeo) 
into  the  forest  to  cut  losfs. 


ISl,  IV.  Fio,  /  beco?ne.     Ikf.  fieri  (Passive  of  facio). 


INF. 


INDICATIVE. 
Pres.       fio,  fis,  fit,  I  (Oil  made,  I  become. 

(fimus,  fltis).  Hunt. 
Imperf.  fiebam,  Iw  isnvxde,  I  became. 
Fut.        flam,  1  shall  h?,  made 
Perf.      factus  sum,  I  became. 
Pluper.  factus  eram. 
F.  Perf.  factus  ero- 
Pres.      fieri, 
Perf,      factum  esse. 
Fut.       futurum  esse,  or  fore. 
F.  Per.  factum  fore. 


SUBJUNCTIVE, 
flam,  flas,  etc. 

fierem. 

factus  sim. 
factus  essem. 


IMPER.  First,      fi  (fite). 

Second,  (fito,  fito,  etc.). 
PARTIC.  Perf.    factus- 
Gerundive,  faciendus- 


152.    V.  Volo, 

/  ivill ;  nolo,    /  tvill  not ;  malo. 

rather. 

INDICATIVE. 

vols, 

Present. 
nolo, 

malS, 

vis, 

non  vis. 

mavis, 

vult, 

non  v.ult, 

mavult. 

volumus, 

nolumus, 

malumus. 

vultis, 

non  vultis, 

ma  vultis, 

volunt- 

nolunt. 

Imperfect. 

malunt. 

volSbam. 

nolebam. 

Future. 

malSbam. 

volam,  volSs,  etc. 

nSlam,  noles,  etc. 

malam,  males,  etc. 

volui. 

Perfect. 
nolui. 

SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present. 

malui. 

velim  (like  sim). 

nolim. 

malim, 

vellem. 

Imperfect. 
nSUem. 

mallem. 

IMPER.    First.     S. 

noli.       PL.  nollte. 

Second,  S. 

nolito.   PL.  n51it6te. 
nolito.          noluntS. 

INF.      Pres.  velle, 

nolle, 

malle. 

Perf.  voluisse, 

noluisse. 

mSluisse. 

PART.             vol6ns. 

nolens. 

whither  ?  when^ce  ?  where  ?  145 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English : 

I.  Tantalus  sitiens  stabat  in  aqua  et  cum  bibere  vellefc  men- 
toque  summam  aquani  attingeret,  aqua  recedebat.  2.  Dio- 
gcni  dixit  Alexander  :  Die  (Imper.  of  d'lcd)  si  quid  vis.  Nunc 
quidem  paululum  a  sole,  respondit.  Oii'ecerat  videlicet  apri- 
canti.  Ad  haec  Alexander  :  Nisi  Alexander  essem,  Diogenes 
esse  vellem.  3.  Cuculus  sturnum  interrogavit  quid  homines 
de  sG  judicarent.  Hoc  tibi  dicere  non  possum  ;  nusquam  tui 
fit  mentio.  Si  ita  est,  inquit  iratus,  in  posterum  semper  do 
mc  ipse  loquar.  4.  Malumus  esse  infelices  quam  boni.  5.  Si 
vis  pacem,  para  bellum. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin : 

1.  The  mice  once-upon-a-time  were  consulting  how  they 
could  protect  themselves  from  the  cat.  One  of  them  urged 
that  a  bell  be  attached  to  the  cat.  But  as  none  (nuUns)  of 
the  mice  was  willing  himself  to  attach  the  bell,  the  plan  did 
no  good.  2.  The  Greeks,  not  having  (cum)  been  able  to  take 
Troy  (Troja)  in  (per)  ten  years,  were  nevertheless  (nihilo 
minus)  unwilling  to  abandon  the  undertaking  (incepto  desi- 
stere).  3.  The  mother  asks  the  boy  why  he  refused  {nolo)  to 
carry  out  [her]  orders  {juf^sum,  l).  4.  Three  boys  were 
crossing  (trdnseb)  a  bridge.  [There]  is  (fid)  [heard]  a  creaking 
(crepitus).  Frightened  by  the  noise,  two  of  (ex)  them  re- 
turned.    The  third  crossed  the  bridge  in-safety  (tutus), 

^"  Reading  Lesson  XX.,  p.  175. 


XLIX.  WHITHER  ?  WHENCE  ?  WHERE  ? 

lo3,  I.  1.   Whither  is  commonly  expressed  by  in  or 
ad  with  the  Accusative. 

To  Africa. 

To  {before)  Rome  {neighborhood  of  Rome), 


146  LATIjq^    PRIMER. 

2.  Whence  is  commonly  expressed  by  ex  or  ab  (a)  with 
the  Ablative. 

A  Roma,  From  (before)  Rome  {7ieighborhood  of  Rome). 

Ex  Africa,  Out  of  (from)  Africa. 

3.  Where  is  commonly  expressed  by  in  with  the  Ab- 
lative. 

In  Africa,  In  Africa. 

II.  But  in  names  of  Towns  and  small  Islands  : 

1.  Whither  is  commonly  expressed  by  the  simple  Ac- 
cusative. 

Romam,  To  Rome. 

2.  Whence  is  commonly  expressed  by  the  simple  Abla- 
tive. 

Roma,  From  Rome. 

3.  Where  is  commonly  expressed  by  the  simple  Loca- 
tive. 

Romae,  At  Rome. 

The  Locative  has  the  same  form  as  the  Dative  in  the  First  and  Third 
Declensions,  but  in  the  Third  Declension  it  often  ends  in  e.  In  the 
Second  Declension  it  has  the  same  form  as  the  Genitive.  In  the  Plural  of 
all  three  Declensions,  Dative,  Locative,  and  Ablative  are  alike  : 


S.  1  D.  R5ma, 

2  D.  Corinthus, 

3  D.  Carthago, 

Rome, 

Corinth, 

Carthage, 

i 

'Romae, 
Oorinthi, 
Carthagini  (e). 

at  Rome, 
at  Corinth, 
at  Carthage. 

P.  1  D.  Athenae, 

2  D.  Delphi, 

3  D.  Oiires, 

Athens, 
Delphi, 
Cures, 

<  ^ 

Athenis, 
Delphis, 
Ciiribus, 

at  Athens, 
at  Delphi, 
at  Cures. 

in.  A  similar  adverbial  use  is  to  be  noted  in : 

domum,  home,  dom5,  from  home,  domi,     at  home. 

rus,        into  the  country,   rure,   from  the  country,  rurl  (e)^  in  the  country. 

humi,    on  the  ground. 


WHITHER,    WHENCE,    WHERE. 


147 


1^4. 


Vocabulary. 


Cities. 


Countries. 


Aegae,  arum, 

Aegae. 

Aegyptus,  i,         Kgijpt. 

Argi,  orum, 

Argos. 

Italia,  ae,               Italy. 

Colchi,  orum, 

Colchis. 

Macedonia,  ae,    Maccdon. 

Crotona,  ae, 

Crotona. 

Thebae,  arum, 

Thebes. 

Epirus,                  Epirus,  i. 

Troja,  ae, 

Troy. 

Gaul,                      Gallia,  ae. 
IlljTia,                    Illyriciun,  i. 

Corfmium, 

Corfinium,  i. 

Persons. 

Dyrrachium, 

Dyrrachium,  i, 

.   Helena,  ae,           Helen. 
Philippus,  i,         Philip. 
Pompejus,  i,         Pompey. 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English: 

1.  Paris  Helenam  Trojam  abduxit.  Ylginti  annos  Trojae 
vixit.  Vetula  Spartam  rediit.  2.  Mcnelaiis  tempestate  in 
Aegypfcum  delatiis  Tliebas  ascendit.  3.  Crotonae  in  Italia 
Tnferiore  nobilissimum  fiiit  Junonis  templum.  4.  Servus 
fugitivus  ex  Africa  Romam  dcductus  est.  5.  Asino  Athcnls 
Megaram  yectus  sum.  G.  Cum  Romae  essem,  mirae  rei  sjie- 
ctator  fui.  7.  Philippus  Macedoniae  rex  Aegis  necatus  est. 
8.  Phrixus  mortuus  est  Colchis.  Pelias  Jasonem  ColchOs 
misit.  Jaso  et  MOdea  Colcliis  effugOrunt.  9.  Hannibal 
tricC'simo  sexto  demum  anno  Carthaginem  reyertit.  10. 
Auxilia  Carthagine  vOnerunt.  11.  Xuntius  victoriae  magno 
cum  gaudiu  Carthagini  cxceptus  est.  12.  Vir  rure  revertit ; 
uxor  domo  profugerat ;  Iratus  ille  omnes,  quos  domi  repperit, 
servos  castlgavit,  rus  rediit.  13.  Agamemnon  mille  naves  ad 
Trojam  duxit.  14.  Pompejus  Luceria  proficiscitur  Canusium, 
Canusio  Brundusium. 


II.  Translate  into  Latin  : 

1.  Hercules,  driven  {expello)  from  Argos,  betook  himself 
{se  cdnferre)  to  Libya.  2.  I  lived  ten  years  (decennium)  at 
Sulmo  (Gen.  o/i/5).     3.  Departing  from  Gaul,  Caesar  hastened 


148  LATIN  PRIMER. 

(contendo,  3. )  to  Italy,  and  when  he  had  crossed  the  Rubicon 
(Gen.  onis),  he  marched  {projiciscor)  to  Corfinium.  He 
wished  to  surprise  {opprimo,  3.)  Pompey  at  Brundusium,  but 
Pompey  had  already  crossed  (trCdcio,  3.)  to  Dyrrachium  ;  and 
so  (itaque)  he  hastened  to  Rome.  When  he  had  arranged 
(cdnstitud)  everything  at  Rome,  and  had  sent  Valerius  to  Sar- 
dinia, Gajus  Antonius  to  Illyria,  he  himself  set  out  for  Gaul. 
Recalled  {revoco,  1.)  from  Gaul,  he  marched  again  to  Brundu- 
sium,  whence  he  crossed  to  Epirus.  4.  Every-day  {quotidit) 
I  take-a-run  {fugio)  into  the  country.  5.  We  have  been  at 
home  a  long  time.  When  my  father  returns  [=  shall  have  re- 
turned] home  from  the  country,  we  shall  move  {migro,  1.)  from 
home  to  the  sea-side.     6.  Lentulus  was  lying  on  the  ground. 

1^"  Reading  Lesson  XXI.,  p.  176. 


L.     ACCUSATWE     AND     INFINITIVE  —  RELATIVE 

CLAUSES. 

IS^,  1.  In  English f  Verbs  of  Say iitff  and  Thi7ik' 

ing  sometimes  take  the  Accusative  and  Infinitive.     This 
is  the  rule  in  Latin. 

Vespertilio  se  volucrem  esse  affirmat,  The  hat  declares  himself  to  he 
a  hird  {that  he  is  a  hird). 

Feles  vespertilionem  murem  esse  putat,  The  cat  supposes  the  hat  to 
he  a  mouse  {the  cat  supposes  that  the  hat  is  a  mouse). 

Such  dependent  clauses  are  said  to  be  in  Indirect  Discourse. 

The  Pres.  Inf.  is  used  when  the  action  of  the  Infinitive 
takes  place  at  the  same  time  as  the  action  of  the  verb  of  Say- 
ing or  Thinking. 

The  Perf.  Inf.  is  used  when  the  action  of  the  Infinitive  takes 
place  before  the  action  of  the  verb  of  Saying  or  Thinking. 

The  Eut.  Inf.  is  used  when  the  action  of  the  Infinitive  takes 
place  after  the  action  of  the  verb  of  Saying  or  Thinking. 


ACCUSATIVE   AND   INFINITIVE. 


149 


So  that 

The  Pres.  Inf.  is  used  for  Present  of  the  Sayer  or  Thinker  ; 
The  Perf.  Inf.  for  the  Perfect  or  any  past  tense  of  the  Sayer 
or  Thinker ; 
And  the  Fut.  Perf.  for  the  Future  of  the  Sayer  or  Thinker. 

Paradigms. 

Active.  Contemporaneous  Action.  Passive. 

Present  of  tue  Speaker. 
Dicit :  te  errare,  te  decipi, 

lie  says,  that  you  are  going  wrong.         that  you  are  deceived  (90,  note). 


Dicebat :  te  errare, 
He  was  saying,  that  you  were  going 
wrong. 

Prior  Action. 
Past  Tense  of  the  Speaker 


te  decipi, 
that  you  were  deceived. 


Dicit :  te  erravisse, 
lie  says,  that  you  have  gone  wrong, 
that  you  went  wrong, 
that  you  have  been  going 
wrong, 

Dicebat :  te  erravisse, 
He  was  saying,  that  you  had  gone 
wrong, 
that  you  went  wrong, 
that  you  had  been 
going  wrong. 


te  deceptum  esse, 
that  you  have  been,(are)  deceived, 
that  you  were  deceived, 
{that  people  have  been  deceiving 
you). 

te  deceptum  esse, 
that  you  had  been  deceived, 

that  you  were  deceived, 
{that  people  had  been  deceiving 
you). 


Subsequent  Action. 
Future  op  the  Speaker. 


Dicit :  te  erraturum  esse, 

He  says,  that  you  are  about  to  go 
ivrong,  will  (be)  go{ing)  ivrong. 

Dicebat :  te  erratiirum  esse, 

He  was  saying  that  you  were  about 
to,{would)go  wrong. 


te  deceptum  iri, 
that  you  {are  going  to),  will,  be 
deceived. 

te  deceptum  iri, 

that  you  were  going  to,  {would) 
be  deceived. 


150  LATIN^   PRIMER. 

2.  Kelative  Clauses  that  form  a  part  of  Accusative  and 
Infinitive  sentences  are  put  in  the  Subjunctive.  The 
Tenses  follow  the  Eule  for  the  Indirect  Question  (132,  1). 

Faber  affirmatse  earn  securim  quam  deus  retulerit  amisisse, 

The  carpenter  affirms  that  he  lost  the  axe,  which  the  god  brought  again. 

Faber  affirmavit  se  earn  securim  quam  deus  retulisset 
amisisse,  The  carpenter  affirmed  that  he  lost  the  axe,  which  the  god 
brought  again. 

The  carpenter  said  :  (Ipse)  eam  securim  quam  retulisti  amisi. 

1^"  The  same  rule  applies  to  all  Relative  Conjunctions  such  as  quod,  quia,  because  ; 
quoniam,  since,  etc. 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  Eng-lish: 

A.  1.  Orator  dixit  duos  amicos  una  fecisse  iter ;  occurrisse 
in  itinera  ursum  ;  alterum  arborem  conscendisse  et  periculum 
evitavisse  ;  alterum,  cum  meminisset  illam  bestiam  cadiivera 
non  attingere,  humi  sc  prOstravisse  (fr.  prdsterno)  animamque 
continuisse,  so  mortuum  esse  simulantem  ;  accessissc  ursum, 
contrectavisse  jacentem,  6s  suum  ad  hominis  os  auresquo  ad- 
mo  visse,  cadaver  esse  ratum  discessissc  ;  postea,  cum  socius 
quaererot  quidnam  ei  ursus  dixisset,  respondisse  so  ab  urso 
monitum  esse,  ne  confideret  amico,  cujas  fidem  adverse  tem- 
pore non  essct  expert  us. 

B.  1.  Vespertilionem  dicunt  delapsum  in  terram  compre- 
hensum  fuisse  a  fele  :  peti visse  ilium  suppliciter,  vitam  ut 
sibi  concederet ;  sed  felem  hoc  se  facere  posse  negavisse,  cum 
esset  capitalis  host  is  omnium  avium  ;  turn  vespertilionem,  se 
non  avem,  sed  murem  esse  dixisse  ;  itaque  vespertilionem  di- 
missum  esse  ;  paulo  post  captum  ab  alia  fole,  similiter  peti- 
visse  ut  sibi  misero  vitam  condonaret ;  id  felem  negavisse  se 
facere  posse,  quod  cum  omnibus  muribus  bellum  gereret ; 
vespertilionem  autem  se  miirem  nequaquam  esse  afiirmavisse 
sed  volucrem.  2.  Diogenes  disputare  solebat,  quanto  rogem 
Persarum  superaret  fortuna  ;  sibi  nihil  deesse,  illi  nihil  satis 
unquam  fore.     3.  SperO  te  mihi  cito  subventurum  esse.    " 


SENTENCES   or   EESULT.  151 

H.  Translate  into  Latin: 

A.  1.  Tlie  countryman  thought  his  baby  would  bo  carefully 
guarded  by  his  faithful  dog.  2.  Diogenes  said  he  carried  with 
him  {secum)  a  wooden  cup,  with  which  to  draw  [=  he  might 
di*aw  (Subj. )]  water  from  the  fountain.  3.  The  donkey  affirmed 
that  he  had  brought  {praehed)  his  master  many  advantages, 
but  tliat  the  puppy  received  all  the  caresses.  4.  The  god 
l)romiscd  the  poor  carpenter  that  he  would  bring  back  tlie  axe, 
whicli  had  fallen  into  the  deep  river.  When  he  brought  up  a 
golden  [one],  the  honest  fellow  denied  that  it  was  his.  5.  The 
fly  said  to  the  weary  bull  that  if  he  weighed  him  down  too 
much,  he  would  fly  away  ;  but  the  bull  replied  that  that  would 
do  him  no  good.  G.  My  friend  said  ho  did  not  know  who  had 
hurt  him. 

B.  1.  The  cuckoo  supposed  that  men  spoke  much  of  his  sing- 
ing, but  the  starling  told  him  that  mention  was  never  made  of 
liim.  2.  The  father  said  that  nothing  had  been  born  that 
year  more  beautiful  than  the  youngest  of  his  daughters.  3. 
We  have  read  that  Cicero  was  six  years  (Abl.)  older  than  Caesar. 
4.  Homer  said  that  when  the  Greeks  were  returning  from  Troy, 
many  perished  by  shipwreck.  5.  Caesar  said  that  when  he 
had  arranged  everything  at  Rome,  he  would  set  out  for  Gaul. 
G.  Jupiter  said  that  the  frogs  did  not  move  him  by  their 
complaints,  as  they  would-not  {nolo)  put-up-with  (fero)  a 
good  king,  whom  he  had  sent.  7.  The  braggart  boasted  that 
no  one  in  the  Island  [of]  Rhodes  had  surpassed  him  in  (Abl.) 
leaping. 

^"  Reading  Lesson  XXII.,  p.  177. 


LI.  SENTENCES  OF  RESULT. 

(consecutive   SENTENCES.) 

loG.  1.  In  English  in  order  that  denotes  Purpose. 

Eamus  ut  thesaurum  tollamus,  Let  us  go,  in  order  that  we  may 
take  up  the  treasure,  (in  order)  to  take  up  the  treasure. 


152 


LATIiq^   PRIMEK. 


So  that,  with  the  Indicative,  denotes  Result.     Here  the 
Latin  uses  ut  with  the  Subjunctive. 

Simius  tain  belle  saltaverat,  ut  cunctis  prope  suffragiis  rex  creare- 
tiir,  Tlie  monkey  had  danced  so  finely  that  he  was  almost  unanimously 
king. 


1^~  ^0  as  to  witlx  the  Infinitive  is  a  closer  translation,  but  is  often  awkward,  often 
impracticable. 

2.  The  negative  of  clauses  of  Result  is  ut  non,  whereas 
sentences  of  Design  or  Purpose  take  ne. 

Nemo  tarn  ferus  est,  ut  non  mitescere  possit,  No  one  is  so  savage 
that  he  cannot  become  mild. 

3.  As  that  is  used  in  English  for  both  Purpose  and  Re- 
sult, and  also  in  sentences  in  which  the  Latin  would  use 
the  Accusative  and  Infinitive,  it  is  important  to  distin- 
guish 

1.  That  Final  (Purpose). 

2.  That  Consecutive  (Consequence  or  Result). 

3.  That  Narrative  (Accusative  and  Infinitive). 


Pylades      so          loved         Orestes 
Pylades    adeo   diligebat    Orestem 

THAT 
Ut 

(Consecutive) 

he  said 
diceret 

THAT 

(Narrative) 

he  was   Orestes 
se  esse  Orestem 

THAT 
Ut 

(Final) 

he  might  die  for  him. 
pr5  1115     moreretur. 


Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English. : 

A.  I.  In  India  ii,  qui  sapientes  nominantur,  tantam  hahent 
fortitudinem  ut  et  nives  et  flammas  sine  gemitu  perferant.  2. 
Ilostes  intra  moenia  ita  so  continuerunt,  ut  X  annis  acie  pu- 
gnarl  non  posset.     3.  Zeuxis  et  Parrhasius,  pictores  clarissimi, 


SEJI^^TENCES   OF   RESULT.  153 

certamen  artis  inter  so  instituerunt.  Zcuxis  uvas  pinxerat, 
atque  sic  erat  imitatus  nfituram  iit  aves  ad  tabulam  advola- 
reut,  putautes  veras  esse  uvas.  Parrliasius  j^roposuit  linteimi 
pictum,  tarn  bene  factum  ut  Zeuxis  deceptus  flagitaret  ut 
linteum  removeret,  osteuderet  i)icturain.  4.  Leo  tantuni  frc- 
mitum  cdcbat  ut  oniuiuni  oculos  in  sO  converteret.  5.  Cum 
liomo  leonem  salutaret,  ea  res  tam  admlrabilis  populo  visa  est, 
ut  statim  maximi  clamorOs  excitarentur. 

B.  1.  Quidam  memoriam  tenacissimam  habebat  ut  carmen  a 
poeta  recitatum  suum  esse  dicerct  idquc  ut  proburet  protinus 
ex  memoria  recitavit,  id  quod  ille,  cujus  carmen  erat,  faccro 
nun  poterat.  Etiam  Seneca  memoria  valebat  ut  duo  milia 
nominum  rccitata  eodem  Ordinc  quo  erant  dictata  redderet.  2. 
AtlieniOnsis  quidam  conspicicns  tabulam,  in  qua  pugna  erat 
ita  picta  ut  Athenienses  victores  Spartanus  fugarent,  excla- 
mfivit  :  Fortes  Athenienses  !  Id  Laco  audiens  subjecit  :  In 
tabula  !  3.  Simulac  vidit  canis  domini  sul  percussores  trans- 
euntes,  procurrit  furens  eosque  allatravit,  subinde  se  ad  Pyr- 
rhum  convertens  ut  non  modo  rex  sed  omues,  qui  aderant, 
susplcionem  de  ils  concipcrent.  4.  Tanta  inerat  in  Canio 
animi  trariquillitas  ut  cum  cum  centuriO  ad  mortem  ducerc 
vellet,  calculos  numcraret — latrunculls  forte  ludebat — et  sodali 
suO  diceret :  Vide  ne  post  mortem  meam  mentiaris  te  vicisse. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin : 

1.  A.  The  frogs  demanded  a  king  with  so  great  (tantus)  clam- 
or that  the  god,  fatigued  by  tlieir  prayers  (preccs),  at-lengtli 
threw  a  log  down  into  the  marsh.  2.  The  goddess  was  so 
(ailed)  angry  that  she  turned  the  wicked  farmers  into  frogs. 
3.  The  donkey  said  that  the  puppy  was  a  cunning  flat- 
terer, so  that  he  was  praised  by  [his]  master.  4.  The  wolf 
was  so  violently  tortured  by  a  bone  which  had  stuck  in  his 
tliroat,  that  he  begged  the  crane  that  she  would  extract  it.  5. 
The  old  man  was  so  fatigued  by  the  load  and  tlie  walk  [iter) 
that  he  invoked  Death  to  deliver  him  from  all  evils.  C.  The 
monkey  scratches-up  {rado,  3. )  the  ground  {terra)  in-such-a- 
7* 


154  LATIIT   PRIMER. 

liiiny  (tmn  fcstJnantcr)  thut  lie  docs  not  perceive  tlic  toils 
{Jaque}). 

B.  1.  So  {tarn)  vigorous  {acer)  was  the  attack  of  our  (men) 
that  the  enemy  immediately  fled.  2.  The  boy  lied  so  shame- 
lessly that  he  easily  deceived  the  shei)licrd.  3.  So  great  was 
the  violence  {vis)  of  the  storm,  that  Menelaus  was  carried-out- 
of-]iis-course  {defei'u)  to  Egypt.  4.  In  tlio  swamp  [of]  Lerna 
(Gen.  ae)  there  was  a  serpent  with  (cum)  nine  heads.  It  was 
so  venomous  [=  had  so  great  force  {vis  Ace.  vim)  of  2>oison] 
that  it  killed  people  by  its  breath  (afflatus,  us).  5.  Tantalus 
was  so  much  loved  by  the  gods  that  he  was  admitted  to  (ad) 
their  feasts,  and  the  gods  sometimes  ( inter dufn)  dined  at  his 
house  (use  apiid).  6.  The  Scythians  carried  on  war  so  vigor- 
ously that  Darius  scarcely  (vlx)  escaped  with  a  small  (exiguus, 
a,  uDi)  part  of  [his]  army. 

^r*  Reading  Lesson  XXIII.  p.  177. 


LII.  SUPINE    STEMS. 

1^7.  I.  The  Supine  is  formed  from  the  pure  stem, 

1 .  Vowel-stems  and  stems  in  U  take  -turn  in  the  Supine  : 

a  mo,  Hove,  ama-tum.  dele-o^  I  destroy,  dele-tum. 

audi-o,  /  hear,  audi-tum.  tribu-o,  /  allot,  tribu-tum. 

Most  verbs  of  the  Second  Conjugation  change  their  characteristic 
vovvol  before  -turn  into  i:  mone-6,  /  remind,  moni-tum.  Some  drop 
their  characteristic  vowel :  doce-o,  /  teach,  doc-tum. 

2.  Consonant-stems  in  a  P-  or  K-mute  take  -turn  in  the  Su- 
pine : 

capi-6,  /  taJce,  cap-tum.  rep-6,  I  creep,  rep-tum. 

f&ci-d,  I  do,  fac-tum.  dic-6, /say,  dic-tum. 

Exceptions. — 1.)  Among  the  P-stems,  only  labor,  I  slipy  lap-sus. 
2.)  Among  the  K  stems,  the  Supine  in  -sum  occurs  : 


SUPINE  STEMS.  155 

A.  In  verbs  whose  Present-stem  is  strengthened  by  t  : 

flect-6,  /  hend,  flexum.  plect-6,  I  plait,  plexum. 

pect-6,  /  co»ii>,  pexum.  nect-6, 1  knot,  bind,  nexum. 

B.  Some,  whose  characteristic  is  preceded  by  a  Liquid  :  merg-6,  1  dip, 
ner-sum;  terg-o,  /  w;i'j)e,  ter-sum  5  parc-o,  I  spare,  par-sum  j  sparg-o, 
I  sow,  scatter,  spar-sum;  mulce-6, 1  stroke,  mul-sum. 

Remauk.— The  K-i"iites  arc  dropped  iu  (he  Perfect  and  Supine  between  Is,  It,  r-8, 
r  t :  fulci  5,  Ii)/oj),  fttl(c)  si,  fuKc)  turn;  torque  0,  Iiiulsi,  tor(qu)-sI,  tor(qu)-tum. 

3 .  Consonant-stems  in  a  T-mute  take  -sum  in  the  Supine  : 

ed-6,  /  eat,  e-sum  (for  ed-sum) ;  lu.d-5,  /  play,  lu-sum  j  de-fend-5,  / 
defend,  defen-sum. 

4.  Liquid-stems  have  partly  -turn,  partly  -sum.  Stems  in  M 
and  N  take  -turn  ;  stems  in  L  and  R  take  -sum  : 

em-5,  Ihxiy,  em-tum,  em(p)-tum;  veni-o,  I  come ^  ven-tum. 
ver-ro,  I  sweep,  ver-sum  ;  fall-o,  I  cheat,  fal-sum  ;  vell-6, 1  pluck,  vul- 
sum. 

But  verbs  with  Terf.  in  ul  have -turn:  c5nsul-3, 1  consul/,  cSnsul-ui,  consul-tum- 

II.  The  Perfect  Participle  Passive  is  formed  like  the 
Supine. 

III.  The  Future  Active  Participle  is  formed  regularly 
from  the  Supine  ;  in  some  verbs,  however,  from  the 
Present-stem. 

amaturus,  about  to  love,  from  amatum, 
moniturus,  about  to  warn,  from  monitum, 
em(p)tiirus,  about  to  buy,  from  emptum, 
auditurus,  about  to  hear,  from  auditum ; 
but,  juvaturus  fr.  juvare  (Sup.  jutum) ; 

morilurus  fr.  morior,  I  die  (Part,  mortuus). 

IV.  Holies  of  SifUtaDr :  1.  The  Supine  in  -um  is  used 
after  Verbs  of  Motion  (Going  and  Sending)  in  the  same 
sense  as  ut  Final  with  the  Subjunctive. 

Spectatum  veniunt  (=  ut  spectent),  They  come  to  see  the  show. 


156  LATIN   PRIMER. 

2.  The  Supine  in  -u  of  certain  verbs  is  used  after  cer- 
tain adjectives  in  the  sense  of  the  English  Infinitive. 

Facilius  dictu  quam  factu,  Easier  to  say  {to  be  said)  than  to  do  {to  be 

done). 

IW"  The  Supine  in  -ii  does  not  take  an  object. 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  EngUsh  : 

A.  1.  Lupus,  cul  OS  devoratum  in  gutture  haeserat,  vehe- 
menter  cruciabatur.  Gras  os  extraxit  sperans  ilium  magnum 
sibi  praemium  donaturum.  Quod  cum  friistra  postulavisset, 
negilvit  se  ingratum  iterum  esse  servaturam.  2.  Dea  interro- 
gavit :  Quis  me  ab  aqua  prohibiturus  est  ?  3.  Cum  ad  quar- 
tam  partem  praedae  ventum  csset,  magno  cum  fremitu  rogavit 
leo  quis  cam  esset  sumpturus.  Nemo  respondit.  4.  Cum 
faber  mondax  auream  securim  arrepturus  csset,  deus  omnes 
secures  in  fluvium  rejicit.  5.  Gracchus,  cum  ei  haruspex 
respondisset  brevi  tempore  uxorem  morituram  esse,  amare 
flevit.  Haruspex  :  Si  scisscm  (=  ccivissem),  inquit,  te  fletu- 
rum  esse,  nihil  respondissem.  Si  sclssem,  subjecit  ille,  quid 
eventurum  esset,  uxorem  non  duxissem.  6.  Noll  invitas  canes 
venatum  ducero.  7.  Feles  a  vespertllione  rogata,  ut  el  par- 
ceret,  respondit  id  sibi  perdifficile  esse  factu  quod  cum  omni- 
bus muribus  bellum  gereret. 

B.  1.  Juppiter  cum  avibus  regem  daturus  esset,  diem  con- 
ventul  constituit.  Tum  graculus  suae  sibi  deformitatis  con- 
scius,  pennas,  quae  alils  avibus  exciderant,  sustulit  iisque 
ornatus  processit.  Ceterae  autem  aves  suas  quaeque  pennas 
impudenti  illl  eripuerunt  atque  derlsum  rostrls  fugaverunt. 
2.  Leo,  cum  murem  corripuisset,  prlmo  negavit  se  impuden- 
tissimae  bestiolae  parsurum,  mox  dimisit.  3.  Feles  cum 
audlvisset  quomodo  a  vespertllione  esset  decepta  :  Non  semper, 
inquit,  eodem  modo  es  evasurus.  4.  Diogenes  negavit  fera- 
rum  laniatum  sibi  mortuo  obfutiirum.     5.  Vacca,  ovis,  capella 


SUPINES.  157 

cum  leone  venatum  ierunt.  6.  Ad  stumum  volavit  cuciilus 
rogrituni  quid  Iioniines  do  cantu  suo  judicarent.  7.  Aegrotus 
(|uidum  fllius  Delplios  niisit  consultum  quid  optimum  esset 
factu.  Pythius  respondit :  Dimitte  medicos.  8.  Lusciniae 
cantus  jucundus  est  auditii.  0.  Hannibal  in  Africam  reversus 
est  patriam  dofensum. 

n.  Translate  into  Latin : 

A.  1.  The  hawk  had  not  expected  {puto)  that  the  vulture 
would  swoop-down  {dtvolo,  1.).  2.  The  cow,  the  sheep,  [and] 
the  goat  having  (cum)  made  a  partnership  with  the  lion, 
thought  that  they  would  take  great  booty.  3.  The  weary  lion 
said  to  [cum)  himself  :  I  am-going  to-take-a-long-nap  ( =  diu 
dorm'ire).  4.  The  horse  [having  been]  driven  out  of  the 
meadow  by  the  stag,  went  to  seek  aid  from  the  man,  thinking 
{arbitrdtus)  that  the  man  would  aid  {auxilior,  1.)  him.  5. 
The  bat  hoped  that  he  would  prevail  on  [  =  bend  the  mind  of] 
the  cat,  but  the  cat  answered  :  You  have  fooled  {ludo,  3.) 
others :  me  you  will  not  fool,  [for]  you-must-know  (sc'ito)  that 
it  is  not  easy  to  fool  me. 

B.  1.  The  cuckoo  hoped  that  the  starling  would  tell  him 
(5/^^)  wliat  people  thought  (jtldicd,  1.)  of  his  singing.  2.  The 
braggart  boasted  that  he  would  surpass  all-others  (ceterl)  in- 
leaping  (Abl.  of  saltnSy  us).  3.  As  all  tlie  mice  were  crying- 
up  {praedicOf  1.)  the  wise  author  of  the  plan,  the  oldest  of  the 
mice  asked  who  was  going-to-bell  the  cat.  4.  Many  persons 
liave  come  together  [convenio)  to  congratulate  {grdtnlor,  1.  w. 
Dat.)  the  general  on  account  of  the  victory.  5.  Cornelia  de- 
tained (trnho)  the  rich  lady  (mdtrona),  who  had  come  to  see 
her,  thinking  that  her  boys  would  soon  return  from  school. 
G.  It  is  difficult  to  say  how-many  {quot)  soldiers  fell  in  that 
battle. 

t^-  Reading  Lesson  XXIV.,  p.  178. 


158  LATII^   PRIMEK. 

Liii.  mrmiTivE. 

158,    1.  The  Latin  Infinitive  is  used  as  in  Eng- 
lish. 

1.)  As  the  Subject  of  a  sentence  : 

Orare  est  laborare,  To  pray  is  to  labor. 

The  Gender  is  neuter  : 

Facile  est  imperare,  //  is  easy  to  give  orders  ;  To  give  orders  is 
easy. 

2.)  As  the  Predicate  of  a  sentence  : 
Laborare  est  orare,  To  labor  is  to  pray. 

3.)  As  the  Object  of  a  Verb  : 
Cupio  emori,  I  want  to  die. 

2.  The  Accusative  and  Infinitive  is  used 

Like  the  English  Objective  and  Infinitive. 

1.)  As  the  Object  of  a  Verb  of  Will : 

Ad  mortem  te  duci  jussi^  /  have  ordered  you  to  be  taken  to 
execution. 

Much  more  widely  than  in  English  : 

2.)  As  the  Object  of  a  Verb  of  Saying  or  Thinking  : 

Vespertilio  se  murem  esse  ait,  The  bat  declares  himself  to  be  a 
mouse  {that  he  is  a  mouse).     See  155,  1. 

From  those  uses  arises  the  use  of  the  Accusative  and  Infinitive : 
3.)  As  the  Subject  of  a  sentence  : 

Ridiculum  est  te  sine  me  vivere  non  posse.  It  is  ridiculous  that 
you  should  not  {the  thought,  the  statement  that  you  are  not 
able,  your  not  being,  for  you  not  to)  be  able  to  live  tvithout  me. 


geruitd  and  gerukdive.  159 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English  : 

I.  Melius  est  minus  perferro  malum  ne  miijus  veniat.  2. 
Ridiculum  est  usinum  se  esse  leonem  simulare.  3.  Cato  esse 
quam  yideri  bonus  malebat.  4.  COnsulem  fieri  iitile  Mario 
yidebatur.  5.  Pater  filium  domo  discGdere  vetuerat.  G.  Dulcc 
et  decorum  {ho7iorable)  est  ])ro  patria  morl.  7.  Tempus  est 
majora  cOnari.  8.  Lusum  it  Maecenas,  dormltum  ego.  0. 
Quod  optimum  factu  yidebitur,  facies.  10.  Homines  ex  yc- 
stibus  et  forma  aestimare  est  stulte  facere. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin  : 

1.  To  err  is  human,  to  forgiye  [is]  diyine  (dlvmus).  2.  All 
the  mice  wished  a  bell  to  be  attached  to  the  cat,  but  no  one 
(nullus)  was  willing  to  undertake  the  job  (opera,  ae).  3.  To 
have  well  performed  [one's]  duty  is  a  great  comfort  {sdlCitium). 
4.  Hannibal  was  recalled  (revocdre)  home  to  defend  (Supine) 
his  country.  5.  It  is  better  to  be  taught  eyen  (et)  by  an  enemy, 
than  neyer  to  learn  at  all  (omnmd).  6.  It  is  most  disgraceful 
(iurpis,  e)  to  you  not  to  be  able  to  preserye  the  liberty  handed 
down  from  [your]  forefathers  (majdres).  7.  It  is  hard  to  say 
why  he  dealt  his  friend  that  wound. 


LIV.  GERUND  AND  GERUNDIVE. 

ISO.  1.  Gerund. — The  Latin  Infinitive  is,  as  we  have 
seen,  used  in  the  Nominative  and  Accusative  Cases  as  the 
Subject  or  Object  of  the  Verb.  Other  cases  are  supplied 
by  the  Gerund,  which  is  a  verbal  noun. 

NoM.  Legcre  est  difficile,  reading  {to  read)  is  difficult. 
Gex,  Ars  legend!,  the  art  of  reading. 

Puer  studiosus  est  legendi,  the  bog  is  fond  of  reading. 
Dat.  Puer  operam  dat  legendo,  the  bog  devotes  Jiim self  to  reading. 
Ace.  Puer  cupit  legere,  the  bog  desires  to  read. 

Puer  propensus  est  ad  legendum,  the  bog  has  a  bent  toward 
reading. 
Abl.  Puer  discit  legendo^  the  bog  learns  bg  readi?ig. 


160  LATIK    PRIMER. 

2.  The  Gerund  differs  from  other  nouns  in  that,  like  the 
Infinitive,  it  takes  the  same  case  after  it  as  the  verb  of 
which  it  is  a  part. 

OflScium  parendi  legibus,  The  duty  of  obeying  the  laws. 

3.  Gerundive. — When  the  Gerund  would  take  an  Ac- 
cusative case,  the  Latin  usually  puts  the  object  in  the  case 
of  the  Gerund,  and  makes  the  Gerundive  (verbal  adjective 
in  -ndus)  agree  with  it. 

Gives  aedis  omandae    cupidi    fuerunt,   The   citizens  were  desirous  of 

adorning  the  temple. 
Decemviri  legibus  scribendis  creati  sunt,  Decemvirs  were  appointed  for 

drawing  up  laws. 
Pictor  aedem  ornandam  suscepit,  The  painter  undertook  the  adorning 

of  the  temple. 
Fele  fraudanda  vespertilio  se  servabat,  The  hat  tried  to  save  himself  by 

cheating  the  cat. 

The  Gerundive  is  the  regular  construction  with  prepositions. 
Ad  delendam  urbem,  For  destroying  the  city. 

4  The  Genitive  of  the  Gerund  or  Gerundive  followed 
by  causa  is  often  used  to  express  Purpose. 

Urbis  delendae  causa,  For  the  purpose  of  destroying  the  city. 

5.  The  Accusative  of  the  Gerundive  is  used  after  Verbs 
of  Giving  and  Taking,  Sending  and  Leaving,  to  express 
the  Purpose  or  Object  to  be  Effected. 

Rusticus  filiolum  reliquit  cani  fideli  custodiendum,  The  countryman 
left  his  infant  son  to  a  faitliful  dog  to  be  guarded  {to  guard). 

6.  The  Gerundive  (or  verbal  adjective  in  -ndus)  may  be 
used  in  the  predicate.  It  is  then  always  translated  as 
a  passive,  and  expresses  obligation^  -^pecessity,  etc.  The 
Agent  is  put  in  the  Dative. 


P 


GERUND   AND   GERUNDIVE.  161 

Dei  n5bls  non  sunt  neglegendl,  The  gods  are  not  to  be  neglected  by  U8j 
we  must  not  neglect  the  gods. 

Notice  the  Rule  for  Intransitive  Verbs  in  the  Passive,  119.  1. 

Omnibus  moriendum  est,  All  must  die. 
Liegibus  parendum  est,  The  laws  must  be  obeyed. 

When  the  verb  takes  the  Dative  and  both  Agent  and  Object  are  ex- 
pressed, tlie  Ablative  with  a  or  ab  must  be  used  to  denote  the  Agent. 

Legibus  parendum  est  a  civibus,   The  laws  should  be  obeyed  by  citizens. 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English: 

I.  Tlirasu  narrabiit  in  KhodO  Insiila  saliendo  se  vicisse 
optimos  in  liac  exercitatiOne  artificCs.  Unus  dc  circulo  : 
Hie  est  saltandum.  2.  Nemo  Hereulem  luctando  superare 
potuit.  3.  Jaso  Medeam  coiisuluit  do  pelle  aurea  tollenda. 
4.  Si  ad  me  rixandi  causa  veiiistis,  statim  abeundum  est.  5. 
Virls  fortibus  omnes  dolorGs  sine  gemiti'i  sunt  perferendl.  G. 
Cum  Romae  seditio  esset  facta  et  plcbs  in  Sacrum  Montem 
sOcessissct,  Menenius  Agrippa,  facundus  vir,  missus  est  ad 
plebem  rcconciliandam.  Id  fabula  narranda  conatus  est  pev- 
ficere.  7.  Unus  e  muribus  dixit :  Tintinnabulum  fell  est 
annectcndum.  Statim  auctorem  tintinnabull  annectendi 
oraverunt  ut  ipse  tintinnabulum  annecteret.  8.  Ii  reprehen- 
dendi  sunt,  qui  homines  ex  forma  aestimant.  9.  AmTci 
YitandT  causa  riis  profugi.  10.  AmTcos  vitandi  causa  riis 
profugit.  11.  Mater  filiolum  valido  agricolae  trans  fluvium 
transportandum  dedit.  12.  Puerl  improbi  miseram  ranam 
angul  devorandam  projecerunt.  13.  Nox  finem  fecit  pu- 
gnandi. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin  : 

A.  1.  Tlie  mice  lield-a-consultation  {cOnsuUdy  1.)  about 
belling  the  cat.  2.  As  Hercules  could  not  overtake  {conse- 
qiior,  3.)  the  doe  (cerva)  by  running,  he  pierced  her  with  an 


162  LATIiq-   PRIMER. 

arrow.  3.  The  father  devoted-himself  (operam  dare)  a-long- 
time  to  reconcile  his  sons.  It  is  [a]  wretched  [thing,]  lie  said, 
for  brothers  to  wrangle  {rixor,  1.)  with  one  another  (inter  se). 
4.  Everything  must  be  tried  {experior,  4.)  for  the  sake  (causa) 
of  freeing  [ourj  country.  5.  Donkeys  are  very-useful  for  (ad) 
bearing  burdens.  6.  When  Iphigenia  heard  that  (Inf.)  she 
had  to  [—must]  die,  she  gave  herself  to  be  sacrificed.  7.  To 
girls  nothing  seems  better  than  the  art  of  dancing.  8.  We 
must  all  yield  to  necessity. 

B.  1.  We  must  not  let-slip  (d'lmittd,  3.)  the  chance  to  fight 
[=  of  fighting].  2.  Brave  men  must  not  quail-before  [=  yield 
to]  an  enemy.  3.  Let  us  take-up  (cap)ere)  arms  for  the  purpose 
of  regaining  {recuperdre)  liberty.  4.  They  set  out  to  (ad) 
storm  the  city.  5.  The  lion  said  that  he  took  the  first  part  of 
the  booty,  because  (quia)  he  was  (ISS,  2.)  the  lion  ;  that  the 
second  part  was  to  be  awarded  to  him  because  he  excelled  in 
(Abl.)  bravery  ;  that  the  third  part  was  due  (Pass,  of  debed) 
to  him  because  he  was  stronger  than  the  other  (ceter't)  animals  ; 
that  the  fourth  was  left  to  be  divided  (partior,  4.)  among 
(inter)  his  whelps  (catulus), 

iW  For  Reading  Lesson  XXV.,  p.  178. 


LV.  ABLATIVE  ABSOLUTE. 

160.  1.  NoTniiiafive  Absolute.  In  English  there 
is  a  construction  commonly  called  the  Nominative  Abso- 
lute, in  which  the  (so-called)  Nominative  with  the  parti- 
ciple takes  the  place  of  a  clause  with  different  subject  or 
object  from  the  subject  or  object  of  the  finite  verb  of  the 
sentence. 

The  father  being  dead,  the  eldest  son  became  the  head  of  the  family. 
My  brother  having  gone  into  the  country,  I  am  left  quite  alone. 
This  said,  he  departed. 
The  bread  being  exhausted,  they  lived  on  meat. 


ABLATIVE   ABSOLUTE.  163 

2.  Ablative  Absolute.  This  relation  is  represented  in 
Latin  by  the  Ablative  Absolute,  which  consists  of  a  sub- 
stantive in  the  Ablative  case  with  a  predicate  in  the  form 
either  of  a  participle  or  of  an  adjective  or  substantive. 
As  in  English,  the  subject  must  be  different  from  the 
subject  or  object  of  the  finite  verb. 

tp^°  The  Ablative  Absolute  is  much  more  common  in  Latin  than  the 
corresponding  construction  in  English,  and  must  be  translated  to  suit  the 
context.     Samples  are  given  below. 

Xerxe  rSgnante  (=  cum  Xerxes  rSgnaret),  Xerxes  reigning.  When 
Xerxes  was  reigning.     In  the  reign  of  Xerxes. 

Xerxe  victo  (=  cum  Xerxes  victus  esset),  Xerxes  being,  having  been, 
defeated.     When  Xerxes  had  been  defeated.     After  the  defeat  of  Xerxes. 

Xerxe  rege  (=  cum  Xerxes  rex  esset)^  Xerxes  [being]  Icing.  When 
Xerxes  ivas  Icing. 

Patre  vivo,  While,  Because,  Though,  If  father  is,  was  alive  (in 
father's  lifetime). 

Urbe  expugnata  imperator  rediit : 

Passive  Form  :  The  city  [being]  taken  {after  the  city  was  taTcen),  the 
general  returned. 

Active  Form  :  Having  taken  the  city  {after  he  had  taken  the  city),  the 
general  returned. 

Abstract  Form  :  After  the  taking  of  the  city.     After  taking  the  city. 

3.  It  is  often  convenient,  though  by  no  means  exact,  to 
translate  the  Ablative  Absolute  as  a  Nominative  and  finite 
verb  followed  by  and^  hut,  or  other  conjunction  : 

Zeuxis  flagitavit  ut,  remote  linteo,  pictiiram  ostenderet.  Zetixis  de- 
manded that  he  should  remove  the  linen  cloth  and  show  the  painting. 

Exercises. 

I.  Translate  into  English: 

A.  1.  Cum  pater  deorum  hominumque  mSgnum  truncum  e 
caelo  in  paludem  dGjecissct,  subito  motu  aqufirum  sonituque 
pertcrrituo  ranac  se  mergunt  et  latent  in  lTm<3.     Forte  una 


164  LATIN   PRIMER. 

profert  e  stagno  caput  et,  explorato  rege,  cunctas  evocat. 
like,  timore  posito,  adnatant ;  mox,  cresceiite  animo,  petu- 
lans  turba  in  truncum  insilit.  Alio  rege  postulate,  Juppiter 
misit  ciconiam.  Magno  ran  arum  numero  jugulato,  reliquae 
Grant  ut  hac  calamitate  liberentur.  2.  Auctor  consilii :  Tin- 
tinnabulo  annexo,  inquit,  statim  audiemus  cum  veniet  feles 
facileque  effugiemus.  3.  Urso  accedente  viator  hum!  se  pro- 
sternit.  4.  Senex  quid  am  ligna  in  siiva  ceclderat  et,  fasce  in 
umeros  sublato,  domum  redire  coepit.  Cum  fatigatus  esset 
et  onere  et  itinere,  depositis  lignis,  elara  voce  invocavit  Mor- 
tem. Morte  interrogante  quid  vellet,  senex  perterritus  :  Pro  ! 
hunc  iTgnorum  fascem  umeris  meis  impone.  5.  Jasone  duce, 
Argonautae  Oolchos  pervenerunt. 

B.  Nodo  discisso  pater  singulas  puerTs  virgas  dedit,  quas 
nuUo  negotio  fregerunt.  Quo  facto  senex  cos  admonuit  ut 
dissensione  posita  Concordes  essent.  2.  Rusticus  custode  filil 
interfecto  cunas  restituit.  Eestitutis  cunis  super  anguem  oc- 
clsum  repperit  puerum  vivum  et  incolumem.  3.  Tito  impera- 
tore,  Pompeji  et  Herculaneum  urbes  obrutae  sunt.  4.  Pythius 
Lacedaemoniis  respondit,  duce  occiso,  eos  superiores  fore. 
5.  Ceteris  in  campo  se  exercentibus,  Lepidus  in  herba  recum- 
bens  :  Utinam  hoc  esset,  inquit,  laborare.  6.  Zeuxis  et  Par- 
rhasius,  pictoresclarissimi,  certamen  artis  inter  se  instituerunt. 
Zeuxis  iivas  pinxerat  atque  sic  erat  imitatus  naturam,  ut  aves 
ad  tabulam  advolarent  quasi  verae  essent  uvae.  Parrliasius 
proposuit  linteum  pictum.  Zeuxis  deceptus  flagitavit  ut, 
remoto  linteo,  pictiiram  ostenderet.  Intellecto  errore  :  Vi- 
cisti,  inquit,  Parrhasi  !     Nam  ego  aves  fefelli,  tu  artificem. 

II.  Translate  into  Latin : 

A.  The  COW,  the  sheep  [and]  the  goat  had  made  a  partner- 
ship with  the  lion.  When  they  had  caught  a  very-large  stag, 
the  lion  made  four  parts.  After  he  had  made  the  four  parts, 
he  gave  the  others  (ceter't)  nothing.  2.  When  the  donkey  had 
been  violently  beaten,  the  puppy  begged  the  master  to  spare 
the  poor  [creature].     3.  Seeing  (Perf.)  through  {2Jers2ncw,  3.) 


ABLATIVE  ABSOLUTE.  1G5 

the  liollow  (vdniis)  character  {ingeyiium)  of  the  monkey,  the 
fox  determined  to  deceive  the  new  king.  When  the  monkey 
was  caught  in  the  (Abl.)  toils,  the  fox  calling  all  the  beasts  to- 
gether showed  [them]  how  foolish  a  creature  {bestiola)  they 
had  made  king.  4.  Augustus  was  born  in  the  consulship 
(cd)isiil)  of  Cicero  and  Antonius. 

B.  1.  Upon  the  death  {morior,  3.)  of  the  motl>er,  the  father 
married  another  wife.  At  the  instance  {suddeo,  2. )  of  the  hard- 
liearted  {improhus)  stepmother  {noverca),  he  was  about-to-sac- 
rifice  his  children.  2.  If  you  cut  off  {caedd,  3.)  one  head, 
three  will  grow  (cresco,  3.).  3.  Hercules  slew  (inter imo,  3.) 
the  dragon  and  carried  off  the  golden  apples.  4.  Diogenes 
lighted  {accendo,  3.)  a  lantern  in  broad-day  and  walked  [about] 
on  the  market-place.  When  his  friends  asked  what  he  was 
looking-for  (quaero)  he  answered  :  I  am  looking-for  a  man 
(Jiomo).  5.  At  the  request  (ro0)  of  the  judge,  the  orator 
began  to  tell  a  charming  story.  6.  Hannibal  set-out  for  Italy 
in  the  consulship  of  Scipio  and  Sempronius. 

^"  Reading  Lesson  XXVI.,  p.  178.  ' 


166  LATIN    PKIMEK. 

READING  LESSONS. 

I. — Asinus  pelle  le5nis  indutus.  ^ 

^  Eugitivus  asinus  reperit  in  silya  pellem  leonis.  Induit  pel- 
lem  et  terrebat  bestias  et  homines,  tanquam  leo  esset/  Ru- 
stic! in  vicos  suos  se  conduct ;  lupi,  ursi,  cervi.  boves,  equi, 
oyes,  omnes  bestiae  fuga  salutem  quaerunt.  Fostquam  hoc 
modo  diu  per  agros  saeviit,^  venit  *  tandem  dominus.  Turn  ille 
horrendum  in  modum^  rudere  coepit/  ut  erum  quoque  falle- 
ret/  Sed  forte  una  auricula  eminebat.  Hanc  ^  erus  compre- 
hendens  :"  Alios,  inquit,  f alias,'"  me  non  falles.'*  Novi'''  te, 
mi  asine.  Ita  vehementer  verberatum'^  asinum  domum'* 
pellit. 

1  indtitus  :  Pf.  Pass,  Part,  of  induo.  '^  tanquam  esset :  as  if  he  were.  Comp.  95,  2. 
Esset :  3.  S.  Imperf.  Subj.  of  sum.  ^  saeviit  =■  saevivit:  3.  S.  Pf.  Ind,  Act.  of  saeviS. 
*  vSnit :  3.  S.  Pf.  Ind.  Act.  of  v6nio.  ^  in  modum :  after  a  fashicn.  «  coepit :  3. 
^.  Perf.  Ind.  Act.  of  the  Defeciive  Verb  coepL  '  ut  falleret:  to  deceive.  See  96.  1. 
Falleret :  3.  S.  Impf.  Subj.  Act.  of  fallo.  *^  Hanc :  Ace.  S.  Feni.  of  hie.  ^  com- 
preh^dSns  :  Pies.  Act.  Part,  of  comprehendo-  '"fallas:  2.  P.  Pres.  Subj.  Act.  of 
falMJ,  you  may  deceive,  a  kind  of  Imperative  Subj.  (concessive).  See 92, 1.  "  fallgs  : 
2.  S.  Fut.  Ind.  Act.  of  fallO-  ^"^  Novi  :  1.  Pf.  Ind.  Act.  of  noscO,  used  as  a  Present,  / 
know.  '3  verberatum:  Pf.  Part.  Pass,  of  verbero.  Tlie  Latin  Pf.  Part.  Pass,  is 
often  translated  into  English  by  some  active  turn.  So  verberatum  -  pellit, /<f  drives 
hirnbeateriy  hebsats  and  drives  him.    i*  domum,  home,  an  Accus.  used  as  an  Adverb. 

II. — Quod'  catulum,  non  decet  asinum. 

Dominus  asini  habebat  etiam  catulum.  Is  a  domino  saepe 
laudabatur  et  permulcebatur,^  frustaque  semper  egregia  el' 
dabantur.  Hoc*  cum  invidia  videbat  asinus.  ^  Cogitabat  se- 
cum  :^  Cur  canis  ita  amfitur  a  domino  ?  Cur  ego  male  trac- 
tor ?  Ille  inutilis  est  ;  ego  maxima  semper  commoda  domino 
comparaYi.  At  canis  callidus  est  adulator;  a  me  dominus 
nunquam  blanditias  accepit."  Etiam  ego  amabor,  si  idem' 
faciam,^  quod  ille  facere  solet.-i^Forte  hoc  °  tempore  dominus 
intrat  in  stabulum.  Statim  asinus  accurrit,  rudens '"  pedes 
ponit  in  domini  umeris  et  faciem  lata  sua  lingua  lambere 
incipit.     Exterritus  "  dominus  et  iratus  vocat  famulos,  qui " 


READIN^G  LESSONS.  1G7 

f iistibiis  asinum  stultum  misere  mulcant.     Mulcatus  stultitiam 
suam  dGplOravit. 

•  Quod  =  id  quod  (decet),  That  which  U,  What  is,  becoming.  See  127.  '  per- 
mulcSbatur  :  S.  S.  Impf.  lud.  Pass,  of  permulceS-  '  el:  Dat.  S.  Masc.  of  is, 
*  h6c  :  Ace.  S.  Neiit.  of  hic  ^  sficum  :  cum,  ivi//i,  is  put  after  me,  t6,  s5.  "  accSpit : 
3.  S.  Perf.  Iiul.  Aet.  of  accipiS.  '  idem:  Ace.  S.  Xeut.  of  idem.  •*  faciam  :  l.  s.  P'lit. 
Intl.  Act.  of  facio.  "  hoc  :  Abl.  S.  Neut.  of  liic.  i»  rudgns  :  Pres.  Part.  Act.  of  rudO. 
"  exterritus  :  Pf.  Part.  Pa^a.  of  exterreQ.    ^"^  qui :  N.  Plur.  Masc.  of  qui,  126. 

III. — Cervus. 

Cervus  contemplabatur  '  imaginem  suam  in  rivulo.  Lauda- 
bat  cornua  ramosa,  scd  crurum  nimiam  gracilitafcem  vitupera- 
bat.  SubitO  prope  canes  tollunt  latratum.  Trepidat  cervus 
ct  cito  fugit.  Fugienti"  instant  canes  ;  sed  facile  eum  crura 
gracilia  auferunt.  Currit  in  silvam.  /At  nunc  ramosa  cornua 
cervTim  ub^que  impediunt,  moxque  canes  dentibus  eum  dilace- 
rant.  Tum  moribundus  errorem  suum  intellexit.^  Vitupe- 
ravl,  inquit,  crura  velocia ;  cornua,  quae  me  perdiderunt, 
luudavi.  ^ 

'  contemplabatur :  3.  S.  Impf.  Ind.  of  the  Deponent  Verb  (133)  contemplor. 
'  fugienti  :  Oat.  S.  Vrvt*.  Part.  Act.  of  fugiO.  Verbs  compounded  witli  tlie  preposition 
in  often  take  tlie  Dative.    3  intellexit :  3.  S.  Perf.  Ind.  Act.  of  intellegO. 

•^  IV. — Senex  et  mors. 

Soncx  quidam  llgna  in  silva  ceclderat  *  et,  fasce  in  umeros 
sublato,''  domuni  ^  rgdlre  *  coepit.  Cum  fatlgatus  esset  et  onere 
et  itinere,  deposuit  "^  iTgna  et,  senecttitis  et  iriopiae  miseria. 
secum  reputans,  clara  voce  invocilvit  Mortem,  ut  se "  omnibus 
mails  llberaret.  "^Mox  adest  Mors  et  interrogat,  quid  vellet.' 
Tum  senex  perterritusXPro  !  hunc  *  lignorum  fascem,  quaeso, 
umeris  meis '  imponiis. '" 

'  ceclderat :  3.  S.  Plupf.  Ind.  Act.  of  caedS.  '  fasce-sublato  :  So-called  Ablative 
Absolute  ;  /he  fagot  being  raised,  having  raised  the  fagot,  raised  the  fagot  and  .  .  .  See 
160..  2,  and  1. 13.  BublktO  :  Pf.  Part.  Pass,  of  tollO.  ^  domum :  See  1. 14.  *  red- 
Ire  :  Pres.  Inf.  Act.  of  redeO.  ^  dgposuit :  3.  S.  Pf.  Ind.  Act.  of  dSpOnO.  «  sS  :  him, 
rcfcrriii^r  to  senex.  Comp.  123.  '  quid  vellet  :  what  h^  wanted.  Dependent  ques. 
tions  (132)  iire  i)nt  in  the  Snhj.  vellet  :  3.  S.  Impf.  Subj.  of  volO-  **  hunC  :  Ace. 
S.  Ma<c.  of  hIc.  "  umerls  mels  :  Dative,  depends  on  fascem— imp5nas.  Comp.  III. 
'?     ">  impOnas:  2.  S.  Pres.  ^ubj.  Act.  of  impOnS.    A  prayerful  wish  is  put  iu  the  Subj. 

e92,3. 


108  LATIN    PTIIMER. 

V. — Vulpes  orator  pacis. 

Blando  vultu  ad  stabulum,  in  cujus  '  tecto  cum  multis  galli- 
nis  sedebat  gallus,  accessit "  vulpes.  Salvete,  inquit,  et  laetum, 
quern  yobis  affcio,  accipite  nuntium.  Omnes,  quae  inter  ani- 
malia  erant,  inimlcitiae  exstinctae '  sunt,  pax  est  factaf^  Am- 
bulant cumleonibus  cervi,  cum  lupis  oves,  cumfelibus  mures  ; 
descendjte  igitur,  ut  etiam  nos  amicitiam  sempiternam  junga- 
mus.*  ^Bene  mones,  respondit"  gallus,  descendemus,"  et  canis, 
quem  accurrentem '  video,  testis  esto. — Accurrit  canis?  sub- 
jicit  vulpes.  Fieri  potest/  ut  pax  canibus  nondum  nuntiata 
sit.^     Valete. 

^  cujus  :  Gen.  S.  Neut.  of  qui.  ^  accessit :  3.  S.  Pf.  Ind.  Act.  of  accSdS-  ^  exstin- 
ctae :  Pf.  Part.  Pass,  of  exstinguo-  *  jungamus  :  1.  PI.  Pres.  Subj.  Act.  of  jungO. 
Ut— jungamus  :  lo  join,  form  (96).  ^  respondit :  3.  S.  Pf.  Iiid.  Act.  of  respondeo. 
'  descendemus  :  1.  Pi.  Put  Ind.  Act.  of  descendo.  '  accurrentem  :  Pres.  Part.  Act. 
of  accurro.  ^  fieri  potest,  ut,  etc.:  at)  may  be  (/ha/)  the  peace  has  not  been,  announced 
yet.    Fieri  :  Pres.  Inf.  of  fiS.    potest :  3.  S.  Pres.  lud.  of  possum.    »  sit :  See  156. 

VI. — Diogenes. — Croesus  et  Solo. 

^  1.  Diogenes  Cynicus  ^  ubique  secum  ferre"  solebat  poculum 
iTgneum,  quo  ^  aquam  sibi  e  fonte  liaurJret.*  Sed  cum  aliquan- 
do  videretpuerum  manibus  aquam  haurientem,  poculum  abje- 
cit.  Apage,  inquit  ;  quid  ^  mihi  te  opus  est  ?  Carere  poculo  ** 
possum  ;  manus  idem '  mihi  officium  praestabunt. 
•*  2.  Cum  in  regali  solio  sederet  Croesus,  pretiosissimis  vestibus 
indiitus,  Solonem  interrogavit,  num  quid '  unquam  vidisset  ^ 
pulchrius  ?  Gallos,  inquit  ille,  et  phasianos  et  pavones  vidi, 
natural!  enim  nee  ^  imitabili  colore  et  pulchritudine  fulgent. 

1.  ^  Cynicus  :  Cynic,  dog-philosopher,  from  the  Greek  word  for  dog.  The  Cynics  were 
a  snappish  and  snarling  sect.  2  ferre  :  Pres.  Inf.  Act.  of  ferS-  ^  quo  :  Abl.  of  qui  = 
ut  e5,  wherewith  to.  . .  *  hauriret :  3.  S.  Impf.  Subj.  Act.' of  hauriS.  ®  quid  mihi, 
what  need  have  I  of  thee  ?  Opus  takes  the  Dative  of  the  Person  Who  Needs  and  the 
Abl.  of  That  Which  is  Needed.  ^  poculo  :  Abl.,  dependent  on  carSre.  Verbs  signify- 
ing Want  take  the  Ablative,    '  idem  :  Ace.  S.  Neut.  of  Idem. 

2.  ^  num  quid:  whether  anything.  2  vidisset:  3.  S.  Plupf.  Subj.  Act.  of  video.  On 
the  Mood  see  132,  and  comp,  IV.  7.    ^  nec  :  «o/',  and  not. 

VII. — Minus  perferte,*  majus  ne  veniat^  malum. 

Ranae  olim  clamore  magno  regem  petierunt  ^  a  Jove.     Eidet 


READING   LESSONS.  169 

Pater  deorum  atque  magnum  truncum  e  caelo  in  paludem  de- 
jicit.  Subito  motu  aqiiarum  sonoqiie  perterritae'  se  mergunt 
et  latent  in  If  mo.  Forte  una  profert "  e  stagno  caput  et,  explo- 
rato  rege,"  cunctas  Cvocat.  Illae,  timore  posito/  adnatant  ; 
mox  petulans  turba  in  truncum  insilit.  Alium  regem  postu- 
lant, quoniam  inutilis  esset  ^  qui  fuerat  datus.  Tum  Juppiter 
misit"  ciconiam.  Ea  *"  uno  die  magnum  ranarum  numcrum 
dilacerat,  jugulat,  vivas  alias  devorat.  Reliquae  mersae  "  lu- 
gent,  fient,  orant,  ut  ab  hac  '*  calamitate  liberentur.  Sed 
deum  non  movent  querelae  ac  lacrimae.  Benignum,  inquit, 
et  placidum  regem  non  tulistis/^  jam  ferum  et  barbarum 
fertote  1  '* 

*  perferte:  2.  PI.  T.  Imper.  of  perferO.  '  veniat:  3.  S.  Pres.  Subj.  Act  of  veniS. 
See  96.  3  petiSrunt:  3.  P).  Pf.  Ind.  Act.  of  peto.  *  perterritae:  Pf.  Part.  Pa?s.  of 
perterreo.  *  profert:  3.  S.  Pres.  Ind.  Act.  of  pr5fero.  *  exploratS  rSge :  Abl.  Ab- 
sol.  Th3  kinghav'utg  been  examined  (yeconnoilied),  after  examining  the  king.  See  160, 
2,  and  IV.  2.  In  like  manner,  timSre  posit5,  their  fear  being  laid  aside,  dismissed 
their  fear  and.  .  '  PositS:  Pf.  Part.  Paj^s.  of  p5n5.  *  esset:  The  Subjunctive  shows 
that  this  is  what  tiie  frogs  said  (Indirect  Discourse).  Sec  155,  2.  »  mlsit:  3.  S.  Pf.  Ind. 
Act.  of  mitts.  '0  Ea:  Nom.  S.  Fcm.  of  is.  ''  mersae:  Perf.  Part.  Pass,  of  merg^. 
I'-'  hac:  Abl.  S.  Fern,  of  Mc  »3  tulistis:  2.  Pi.  Pf.  Ind.  Act.  of  fero.  i*  fertote:  ^2! 
PI.  2.  Imper.  Act.  of  ferO. 

VIII. — Parvae  res  concordia  crescunt. 

Inter  rustic!  cujusdam  '  filios  grave  discidium  ortum'  erat. 
Diu  frustra  operam  dederat  pater,  ut  concordiam  reconciliar^t. 
Tandem  :  Virgulas,  inquit,  filii,  mill!  afferte.'  Allatas  *  virgu- 
las  omnes  in  unum  fasciculum  colligavit,  eumquc  ^  constric- 
tum"  flliis  obtulit,^  ut  frangerent.  111!  autem,  quanquam  vim 
omnem  adliibebant,  frustra  laborabant  nee  quidquam "  profece- 
runt.  Deinde  pater  nodum  discidit '  singulasque  illis  virgulas 
dedit,  quas  nuUo  negotio  confregerunt.'"  Quo  facto''  senex 
eos  "  sic  allocutus  est  : '"  Haec  res,  fllii,  vobis  exemplo  "  sit.'* 
Tuti  eritis  ab  inimJcorum  injuriis,  quamdiu  inter  vos'"  ama- 
bitis  et  Concordes  eritis  ;  simul  atque  vero  ^'  facta  "  erit  dissen- 
sio  atque  discordia,  inimici  in  vos  irrumpent. 

'  cujusdam:  Gen.  of  quidam.    '  ortum  erat:  3.  S.  Plupf.  of  the  Deponent  Verb 
orior.    ^  afFerte:  2.  PI.  I.  Imper.  Act.  of  afferS  (adferS).    *  Allatas:  Pf.  Part.  Pa.ss. 
of  afferO.    ^  eumque:  audit,    eum:  Ace.  S.  Maec.ofis.    "  constrictum:  Pf.  Part. 
8 


170  LATIiq-    PRIMER. 

Pass,  of  c5nstringo.  ''  obtulit:  3.  S,  Pf.  Tnd.  Act.  of  ofFero.  «  quidquam:  Ace.  S. 
Neiit.  of  quisquam,  a/,7j  Udhfj.  »  discidit:  3.  S.  Pf.  Ind.  Act.  of  discindo.  ^^  confrS- 
gerunt:  3.  Pi.  Pf.  lud.  Act.  of  confringo.  ^'  Quo  facto:  which  being  done,  afier  doing 
this.  See  VII.  6.  facto  :  Pf.  Part,  of  fio.  '-  eos  Ace.  PI.  Masc.  of  is.  '^  allocutus 
est;  3.  S.  Pf.  Ind.  of  Deponent  Verb  alloquor.  '^  exemplo:  Dat.  of  Object  For  Which, 
/br  an  example,  an  (xuinj)le.  ^^  sit:  Imper.  Subj.  See  92,  1.  "^  inter  v6s:  among 
yourselves  -  one  another,  i^  v6ro  :  In  fact,  but ;  postpositive,  that  is.  put  after  the  begin- 
ning of  the  sentence.    i«  facta  :  Perf .  Part,  of  fio,  used  as  the  Pass,  of  facio. 

IX. — Vespertilio. 
Vespertilio  delapsus  ^  in  terram  compreliensus '  fuit  a  f ele. 
Petiit  ^  ille  suppliciter,  yitam  ut  sibi  concederet.  Sed  feles 
lioc  se  facere  posse  ^  negabat,  cum  esset  capitalis  hostis  omnium 
avium.  Tum  vespertilio,  se  non  avem,  sed  murem  esse,  dixit.* 
Itaque  dimissus "  est.  Paulo  post  captus  ^  ab  alia  fele,  similiter 
petiit,  ut  sibI  misero  vitam  condonaret.  Id  ^  feles  sibi  f actu " 
perdifficile  esse  ait,  quae  cum  omnibus  muribus  bellum  gere- 
ret. "  Vespertilio  autem,  se  murem  nequaquam  esse,  affirmavit, 
sed  volucrem.  Sic  iterum  periculura  evasit  ^^  et  nomine  mu- 
tato  '"^  bis  servatus  est. 

^  dglapsus  :  Pf .  Part,  of  the  Deponent  Verb  dglabor.  ^  comprehgnsus  :  Pf.  Part. 
Pass,  of  compreliendo.  ^  petiit :  3.  S.  Pf.  Act.  of  peto.  *  posse  negabat :  detiied, 
himself  to  bs  able  =  said  that  he  could  not.  posse,  Pres.  Inf.  of  possum.  *  dixit :  3.  S. 
Pf.  Act.  of  dico.  <^  dimissus  :  Pf.  Part.  Pass,  of  dimitto.  ^  captus  :  Pf.  Part.  Pass, 
of  capi5.  ^  id  :  Ace.  S.  Nent.  of  is.  ®  factu :  Sui)ine  in  u  fr.  facio  :  perdifficile— 
factu  :  very  difficult  in  the  doing,  to  do.  Sec  157,  IV.  2.  1°  quae— gereret :  which 
VJas  carrying  (m,seeing  that  she  was  tarrying  on,  etc.  When  the  Relative  implies  a  reason 
it  commonly  takes  the  Subjunctive,  which,  however,  would  be  required  here  at  any  rate. 
See  164,  2.  '>  gvasit :  3.  S.  Pf.  Act.  of  evado.  '^  nomine  mutato :  name  being 
changed,  by  change  of  name.    See  160,  2,  and  VII.  6. 

X. — Du5bus  litigantibus/  tertius  gaudet. 
Duo  viatores  asinum  in  solitudine  errantem  conspicati  sunt.' 
Accurrunt  laetl  et  capiunt.  Mox  autem  oritur'  contentio, 
uter  eum  domum  abduceret."  Uterque  asinum  sib!  yindicavit, 
quia  eum  prior  conspexisset.^  Dum  illi  de  ea  re  acriter  ri- 
xantur,"  asinus  aufugit  ac  neuter  lucrum  fecit. 

'  Duobus  lltigantibus  :  Abl.  Absol.  When  tivo  are  at  loggerheads.  See  160,  2. 
^  conspicati  sunt :  3.  PI.  Pf,  of  the  Deponent  Verb,  c3nspicor.  ^  oritur  :  3.  S. 
Pres.  of  the  Deponent  Verb  orior.  *  uter  abduceret :  which  of  theiivo  should  lead 
home?  Questions  expecting  an  Imperative  answer  are  put  in  the  Subjunctive.  The 
Subjunctive  would  bensed  at  any  rate  on  account  of  135.  ®  conspexisset  :  The  Sub- 
junctive in  a  Relative  (causal)  clause  in  Indirect  Discourse.  See  155,  2,  and  c.  VII.  7. 
•  rixantur  :  3.  Pi.  Pres.  Ind.  of  the  Deponent  Verb  rixor- 


READING    LESSONS.  17X 

XI. — AnimI  tranquillitas. 

Cum  Canius  Julus  cum  imperatOre  Guio  Caligula  diu  fuisset 
allercatus,  discedenti '  tyrannus  ille  dixit :  Ne '  forte  inepta 
spe  tibi  blandiaris,  duci  ad  mortem  te  jussi.  Gratias,  inquit, 
ago,  optime  i^rinceps.  Decem  medios  usque  ad  supplicium 
dies  sine  ulla  sollicitudine  exegit.  Ludebat  latrunculls,  cum 
cenfcurio,  plures  capite  damnatos  ducens,  ilium  quoque  citavit. 
Vocatus  numeravit  calculos,  et  sodali  suo  :  Vide/  inquit,  ne 
post  mortem  meam  mentiaris/  te  vicisse.*  Tum  annuens  cen- 
turion! :  Testis,  inquit,  eris,  lino '  me  antecedere.  Quanta 
animi  tranquillitas  ! 

*  discSdentI :  Dat,  S.  Pres.  Participle  of  dlscSdO-  '  NS— blandiaris  :  To  keep  you 
from  flattering  yourself  (let  me  tell  j-ou  that)  /  have  ordered,  etc.  blandiaris  :  2.  S. 
Pres.  Siibj.  of  blandior.  ^  vidS  nS  :  Beware  lest,  be  sure  not  to.  *  mentiaris  :  2.  S. 
Prc^.  Subj.  of  mentior.  '  tS  vicisse  :  that  you  beat.  See  155, 1-  *  tinS  ni5  antecS- 
dere :  that  lamoive  aJiead.    '0'n5  :  Abl.  of  Measure  of  DifEcrence,  143,  III. 

XII. — Contentio  de  asini  umbra. 

Demosthenes,  causam  agens,  cum  judices  parum  attentos 
videret  :  Paulisper,  inquit,  aures  mihi  praebete  ;  rem  vobis  no- 
vam  et  jucundam  narrubo.  Cum  aures  arrexissent  :  Juvenis, 
inquit,  asinum  conduxerat,  quo  ^  Athenis'  Megaram  ^  vehere- 
tur.  In  itinere  cum  sol  ureret  neque  esset  umbruculum,  de- 
posuit  clitellas  et  sub  asino  consedit,  ut  ejus  umbra  tegeretur. 
Id  vero  agaso  vetabat,  clamfms,  asinum  locatum  esse,  non 
umbram  asini.  Alter  contra  disputabat.  Tandem  in  jus  am- 
bulant.— Omnes  diligenter  auscultant.  Sed  Demosthenes,  ea 
locutus,  abiit.*  Tum  revocatus  a  judicibus  et  rogatus,  ut  reli- 
quam  fabulam  enarraret  :  Quid  ?  inquit,  de  asini  umbra  libet 
audire,  causam  hominis  de  vita  periclitantis '  non  audietis  ?  " 

'  qu5  veherStur  :  by  which  to  be  borne,  to  ride.  Comp.  VI.  1. 3.  "  AthSnls  :  The 
City  From  Which  is  put  in  the  Ablative.  »  Megaram  :  The  City  To  Which  is  put  in  the 
Accu.sative.  *  abiit:  3.  S.  Pf.  Ind.  of  abe3.  ^  periclitantis  :  Pres.  Part,  of  the  De- 
ponent Verb  perlclitor.    *  audiStis  :  2.  PI.  Fut.  Ind.  Act.  of  audiO. 

XIII. — ^Dictum  citius'   quam  facttim. 
Mures  aliquando  consultabant,  quomodo  se  a  fele  tueri "  pos- 


172  LATIN  PRIMER. 

sent/  Multa  proponebantur  a  singulis  muribus,  sed  nihil 
placebat.  Postremo  iinus  dixit:  Tintinnabulum  fell*  anne- 
ctendum  est ;  turn  statim  audiemus,  cum.  veniet,  facileque 
effugiemus.  Omnes  mures  laeti  praedicant  prudentem  cOn- 
silii  auctorem.  Jam  tu,  inquiunt,  annecte  tintinnabulum. 
Ego  vero,  respondet  ille,  consilium  dedi,  alius  operam  sumat.  ^ 
Irritum  consilium  fuit,  quoniam,  qui  fell  annecteret  ^  tintin- 
nabulum, non  reperiebatur. 

^  citius  :  Comparative  of  cito,  quickly,  soon.  =  tuSri :  Pres.  Inf.  of  the  Deponent 
Verb  tueor.  ^  possent :  3.  PI.  Impf.  Subj.  of  possum.  For  the  Subj.  see  132,  and 
IV.  7.  ■*  fell :  Depends  on  annectendum.  Gerundive  of  annecto.  159,  6.  Many- 
verbs  compounded  with  ad  talie  the  Dative.  *  sumat  :  Imperative  Subj.  (See  92, 1.) 
'  qui  annecteret ;  wlio  sJwuld  attach,  to  attach  j  qui  =  ut.    See  VI.  1.  3. 

XIV.— Bias. 

1.  Bias  navigabat  aliquando  cum  hominibus  improbis.  Cum 
ad  versa  tempest  ate  in  alto  mari  jactarentur  fluctibusque  navis 
quateretur,  ill!  invocaverunt  deos.  Turn  Bias  :  Silete,  iiiquit, 
ne  vos  in  alto  illi  navigare  sentiant. 

2.  Biantis,  sapientis  illius,  patriam  Prienen  ceperat  liostis. 
Oeteri  fugientes  multa  de  suis  rebus  asportabant.  At  ille, 
cum  esset  admonitus,  ut  idem  faceret  :  Ego  vero/  inquit, 
facio  ;  nam  omnia  mea  mecum  porto. 

2.  1  v6ro  :  See  VIII.  17. 

XV. — Quae  sit  gratia  eorum,  qui  aliud  clausum  in  pectore,  aliud  in 
lingua  promptum  habent. 

Cum  venatorem  instantem  fugeret  lupus  et  pastor  vidisset 
quidam,  qua  parte  ^  fugeret  et  quo  se  loco  ^  absconderet,  ille 
veliementer  metuens  :  Oro  te,  inquit,  bubulce,  ne  me  prodas 
innocentem.  Nihil  unquam  mali '  tibi  feci.  Et  pastor  :  Noli/ 
inquit,  timere  ;  alteram  venatori  monstrabo  partem. — Mox 
venator  cum  advolavisset :  Yidistine  ^  hue,  inquit,  pastor,  lu- 
pum  venientem  ?  Qua  parte  fiigit  ?  Huic  pastor  voce  max- 
ima :  Venit  ille  quidem,  sed  laeva  f ugit.  At  simul  oculis  clam 
dextram  partem  designat.  Venator  non  intellexit  nutum  et 
festinans  abiit.®    Tum  lupum  pastor  interrogat :   Quam  tu 


READING   LESSONS.  173 

mihi  habebis  gratiam,  quod  ^  te  celavi  ?  Turn  ille,  Maximas, 
in  quit,  linguae  tuae  gratias  ago  ;  at  oculis  tuis  fallacibus, 
secum  murmurans  subjecit,  talern  gratiam  referam,  ut  ex 
minore  in  dies  ovium  uumero  cognoscas/  quam  memor  sim 
meriti  tin. 

'  qua  parte  :  hy  what  part  =  in  what  direction.  ^  qu5  loc5  :  loc5  is  often  used 
without  in.  ^  mall:  of  bad,  whereas  we  usually  tiay  bad.  *  noli  timfere  :  Do  not  fear. 
See  137,  5.  *  -ne  :  Asks  a  question.  See  130.  «  abiit :  3.  S.  Pf.  Ind.  Act.  of  abeo. 
'quod:  that,  (because),  the  regular  construction  aftt;r  Verbs  of  Thanking  (grateful 
emotion),  s  ut— c6gn5scas  :  That  you  will  know.  A  sentence  of  Result  (cousecutive 
sentence).    Kec  166. 

XVI.— Paris. 

Cum  nuptiae  Pelei  et  Thetidis  celebrarentur,  omnes  del  ct 
deae  aderant,  sola  Eris  invitata  non  erat.  Irata^  discordiam 
excitare  constituit.  Itaque  pomum  aureum  inter  convivas 
jecit  in  quo  inscriptum  erat  :  Pulcherrimae  !  Juno  ct  Mi- 
nersa  et  Venus  pomum  sibi  vindicant ;  vehemens  rixa  oritur. 
Postremo  Mercurius  tres  illas  deas  duxit  in  montem  Idam, 
qui  ad  Trojam  situs  erat.  Paridi,  Priami  filio,  qui  ibi  oves 
pascebat,  judicium  commissum  est.  Jiino  el  pollicita  est 
regnum  Asiae  et  divitias,  Minerva  sapientiam  et  belli  glo- 
riam,  Venus  formosissimam  omnium  mulierum  conjugem.^ 
Paris  Venerem  pulcberrimam  esse  judicavit  el  que  pomum 
porrexit.  Ideo  Jun5  et  Minerva  Paridi  omnibusque  Trojanis 
inimlcae  fuerunt.  Paris  autem  consilio  et  auxilio  Veneris 
Lacedaemonem  ^  navigavit  et  Helenam,  Menelal  hospitis  ux- 
orem,  Trojam '  abduxit. 

'  Irata :  a;>7?y  =  in  Iter  anger.  "  conjugem :  as  [his]  wife,  to  wife.  »  Lacedaemo- 
nem  Trojam  :  Names  of  Cities  are  put  iu  the  Accusative  of  the  Place  Whither.  See 
163,  II.  1.,  and  XII.  3. 

XVII. — Menenii  Agrippae  fabula. 

Cum  Eomae^  seditio  essct  facta  et  plebs  in  Sacrum  Montem 
secessisset,  Menenius  Agrippa,  facundus  vir,  missus  est  ad 
plobem  reconciliandam.^  Is,  intromissus  in  castra,  nihil  aliud 
quam^  hoc  narravit  :  Tempore,  quo  singulis  hominis  membrls 
suum  cuique*  consilium,  suus  sermo  erat,  reliquae  corporis 


174  LATIK   PRIMEK. 

partes  indignabantur,  sua  ciira,  suo  labore  ac  ministerio  yentri 
omnia  quaeri/  ventrem  ipsum  in  medio  quietum  datis  volu- 
ptatibus  ^  frni.  Cur  hoc  patimur  ?  loquebantur  inter  se  ;  in  po- 
sterum  manus  ad  os  cibum  ne  ferunto,  os  cibum  datum  ne  ac- 
cipito,  dentes  ne  conficiunto.  Denique  conjurant  inter  se,  ut 
ventrem  fame  domarent.  Quid  evenit  ?  Totum  corpus  ta- 
bescere  coe]3it.  Inde  ajaparuit,  yentris  quoque  baud  segne 
ministerium  esse,  nee  magis  all  quam  alere  eum,  reddentem 
in  omnes  corporis  partes  bunc,  quo  yiyimus  vigemusque,  san- 
guinem.  Hac  fabula  narrata,^  Menenius  flexit  mentes  bomi- 
num. 

^  Eomae :  at  Borne,  Locative  Case  of  R5ma,  see  153,  II.  3.  "  ad  pigbem  reconci- 
liandam  :  to  reconcile  {win  back)  the  commons  (169,  3).  ^  nihil  aliud  quam  :  nothing 
else  than— merely.  *  suum  cuique :  culque  is  in  apposition  (so-called  Distributive 
Apposition)  vvith  membris.  Notice  the  position.  ^  omnia  quaeri :  that  everything 
sJiould  be  sovght.  Verbs  of  Expression  of  Emotion  may  take  the  Infinitive  like  Verbs  of 
Saying  and  Thinking  (155).  ®  voluptatibus  frui :  frui  takes  the  Ablative.  ^  Hac 
fabula  narrata  :  By  telling  this  fable.    Sec  160,  2. 

XVIII.— Simius  Rex. 
In  conventu  quodam  bestiarum  tam  belle  saltaverat  simius, 
ut  cunctis  prope  suffragils  rex  crearetur.^  Vulpes  cum  va- 
num  ejus  ingenium  perspiceret,  dixit  simio  :  Postquam  re- 
gnum  tibi  obtigit,  non  celabo  to  quod  -  scire  magnopere  tua ' 
interest.  Quid  id  est  ?  simius  inteiTogat.  Thesaurus,  re- 
spondet  ilia,  mihi  a  patre  indicatus  est,  defossus  in  solitiidine, 
qui  jure  regni  ad  te  jam  pertinere  videtur.  Eamus  ^  igitur, 
inquit  simius,  ut  tollamus.  Cave  tu,  monet  vulpes  ;  nam  equi- 
dem  saepe  audivi,  periculo  ^  cam  rem  non  carere.  Mhil,  in- 
quit  simius,  periculi  est ;  an  tu,  obsecro,  times  ?  Eamus  * 
igitur,  inquit  vulpes,  si  placet.  Postquam  per  silvas  diu  cir- 
cumduxit  simium,  tandem  ducit  ad  laqueos  sub  fruticibus  ab- 
sconditos,  atque  ibi  dicit  thesaurum  defossum  esse.®  Simius 
festinanter  terram  radons  capitur.  Turn  misere  clamavit : 
Auxilio  ^  yeni,  amice  !  At  vulpes,  convocatis  bestiis  omni- 
bus :  ^  Jam  intellegetis,  inquit,  quanto  ^  magis  consilio  ^°  regi 
et  temperantia  opus  sit  quam  arte  saltandi.^^ 

*  ut  crearStur :  as  to  be  created^  that  he  was  made.    Sentence  of  Result.    See  156. 


READING   LESSONS.  175 

'  cSlSb5  t5  quod  :  conceal  fivm  you  what,  etc.  cSlare,  to  conceal,  takes  two  Accu?a- 
tivcs,  one  of  the  Person  and  the  other  of  the  Thing.  3  tua  interest:  it  concerns  thee. 
interest  takes  mea,  tua,  etc.,  of  the  Person  concerned.  <  Eamus  :  1.  PL  Pres.  Subj. 
of  eO.  *  perlculQ :  See  VI.  1,  6.  «  dSfossum  esse  :  that  U  is  buried.  Accusative  and 
Inf.  of  Indirect  Statement.  See  155-  ^  auxilio  veni  :  come  to  \my\  help.  See  VIII. 
14.  8  convocatis— omnibus :  Comp.  VII.  G.  »  quant5  :  Measure  of  Difference  is 
put  in  the  Ablative.  See  143,3.  '»  c5n8ili5  rSgl  opus :  See  VI.  1,5.  >'  arte 
saltandl :  art  ofdajiciug.    saltandi,  Gen.  of  Gerund. 

XIX.— Codrus. 

Post  Orestis  intcritum  filii  ejus  Penthilus  et  Tisamenus 
regnuverunt  trieimio.^  Turn  fere  anno  octogesimo  post  Tro- 
jam  captam/  ccntesimo  ct  vicesimo  quam  ^  Hercules  ad  deos 
excessit,  Pelopis  progenies,  quae  omni  hoc  tempore  pulsis 
Heraclidis  ^  impcrium  obtinuerat,  ab  Herculis  progenie  expel- 
litur.  Duces  recuperandi  imperii*  fuerunt  Tomenus,  Cre- 
sphontes,  Aristodemus,  quorum  abavus  fuerat.  Eodem  fere 
tempore  Athenae  sub  regibus  esse  desierunt,  quorum  ultimus 
fuit  Codrus,  Melanthi  filius,  vir  non  praetereundus.  *  Quippe 
cum  Lacedaemonii  gravi  bello  Atticos  prcmerent,  respondis- 
setque  Pythius  quorum  dux  ab  boste  esset'  occlsus  eos  futuros 
superiores,  depositfi  veste  regia,^  pastorfdem  cultum  induit 
immixtusque  castris  bostium  de  industria  rixam  injiciens 
interemptus  est. 

'  trienniS  :  Abl.  as  Measure  of  Difference.  See  143,  3.  '  post  TrOjam  captam  : 
after  Troy  taken,  after  tlie  taking  of  Troy.  »  quam  -  postquam.  ■*  pulsis  Heracli- 
dis :  Abl.  Abs.,  160.2.     ^recuperandi  imperil:  of  (in)  refjaininrj  the  dfytninion.     See 

159,3.  «  praetereundus  :  (Gerundive  of  praeterlre.  Seel59.fi.  ^  quorum— esset 
occlsus  :  See  155, 2.    «  dgposita  veste  rggia  :  Abl.  Ab.s.    S«;e  160,  2. 

XX. — Duo  si  faciunt  idem,  n5n  est  idem. 

Fabro  pauperi,^  qui  pontem  transibat,  securis  delapsa  est  in 
fluvium  prof  undum.  Turn  ille,  inops  consilil '  in  ripa  sedens, 
misere  lamentari  coepit  et  clamfire  :  Deus  fluvii,  miserere 
mei  !  ^  Deus  emersit  et  interrogfivit,  cur  liimentaretur. 
"  Eheu,  securis  mea  delapsa  est  in  aquam  tuam. "  Immersus  est 
deus  et  retulit  securim,  non  cam  tamen,  quam  amiserat  faber, 
scd  auream,  et,  num"*  liaec  esset,  quam  anilsisset,'^  interroga- 
vit.    Non  est,  respondet  vir  probus  cum  suspirio.     Deus  iterum 


176  LATLN-   PEIMEE. 

se  mersit  et  aliam  extulit  eamqne  ^  argenteam.  Hanc  quoque 
faber  negilvit  suam  esse.  Tertium  deus  veram  securim  attulit. 
Haec  est,  exclamavit  faber,  gratias  tibi  ago,  deus  benigne  ! 
Hue  probitate  dCdectiitus  deus  omnes  illi  secures  doiiavit. 
Faber  laetus  ad  sues  rediit. — Vlx  rem  ylcinus  audiverat,  cum 
ad  eundem  pontem  cum  securi  festlnavit.  Sua  sponte  facit 
ut  securis  in  aquam  decideret.'  Apparet  deus.  Elieu,  inquit 
ille,  securim  meam  perdidi !  Affert  deus  tres  secures,  auream, 
argenteam,  ferream.  Elige  ipse  tuam,  inquit.  Tum  ille  aurl  ^ 
cupidus  :  Haec,  inquit,  mea  est,  et  auream  est  arrep turns. 
Sed  jam  deus  secures  omnes  in  fluvium  rejiciens  :  Apage, 
inquit,  homo  a^fire  et  mendax  !  Ne  tuam  quidem  securim 
recipiGs.  Tum  ille  domum  rediit,  neque  narravit  cuTquam, 
ubi  securim  amlsisset. 

^  Fabro  pauperl :  Depeiuls  on  securis— delapsa  est.  To  a  jwor  cai-jxnter  the  axe 
slipped,  a  poor  aapeitler  had  his  axe  to  slip.  2  inops  consilii  :  Adjectives  of  Want  take 
the  Genitive.  ^  miserere  mei  :  Misereor  takes  the  Genitive.  ■*  num  :  Asks  a  ques- 
tion. See  131.  ^  amisisset :  Subjunctive  because  of  tlic  Relative  clause  after  a 
"Verb  of  Saying.  See  155,  2.  «  eamque  :  and  that.  ^  facit  ut  decideret :  manages 
{managed),  that  it  should,  to  (make)  it  fall.  Comp.  156.  *  auri  cupidus  :  Adjec- 
tives of  Desire  take  tlie  Genitive. 

XXI. — Orestes. 

Agamemnon  cum  Troja  reyertisset,  interfectus  est  ab  Aegi- 
stho  et  Clytaemnestra  uxore,  quae  ill!  ^  nupserat.  Nam  in 
balnels  Clytaemnestra  vestem  capiti^  ejus  injecit  et  adulter 
securi  eum  percussit.  At  Electra,  Agamemnonis  filia,  Ore- 
stem  fratrem  infantem  servavit  et  adStrophium  detulit.  Cum 
ejus  filio  Pylade  adolevit  et  intimam  amicitiam  junxit.  Post- 
quam  ad  puberem  aetatem  yenit,  cum  illo  Mycenas  profectus 
patris  ulciscendi'  causa  matrem  et  Aegisthum  occidit.  At 
parricidam  Furiae  agitabant.  Itaque  oraculo  accepto  *  amici 
Chersonesum  Tauricam  proficiscuntur,  ut  de  tempio  Dianae 
signum  Argos  aiierrent.  lb!  regnabat  Thoas,  cul  mos  erat 
ut  ^  hospitum  sanguine  numen  placaret.  Comprehensi  ad 
templum  ducti  sunt,  ubi  Iphigenia,  Orestis  soror,  erat  sacer- 
dos.  Cognito  fratre,"  ipsa  coepit  signum  Dianae  avellere. 
Intervenit  rex  et  Orestem  necari  jussit.     Sed  cum  ignoraret. 


READING   LESSON'S.  177 

utcr  corum  csset  Orestes,  PyladGs  Orestem  se  esse  dixit,  ut 
pro  illo  necaretur  ;  Orestes  autem,  ita  ut  erat,  Orestem  se  esse 
perseverabat.  Rex  mitigatus  illos  cum  sorore  atque  signo 
Dianae  dimlsit.  Orestes  redux  Hermioiiam,  Menelai  filiam, 
uxorem  duxit  et  regnavit  Argis  et  Spartae. 

'  illl :  Dative  dependent  on  nupserat,  had  pnl  on  I  he  (bridal)  vdl,  had  married  (of 
the  woman).  '^  capitl :  Depends  on  vestem-  inj6cit  ^  patris  ulciscendi  causa  : 
for  (he  suhi  of  avengiiig  his  father,  to  avcncjc  filsfathtr.  See  159,  4.  ■•  5racul5accept6  : 
Abl.  Abs.  See  160,  2.  ^  cul  mos  erat  ut :  <o  whorn  there  was  the  custom  that  he  was 
to  Qiypease  =  who  used  to  appease.    *  cOgnitd  fratre  :  Abl.  Abs.    See  160, 2. 

XXII.  — Somnium. 

Cum  duo  quidam  Arcades  familiares  iter  una  facerent,  et 
Megaram  yOnissent,  alter  ad  cauponem  devertit,  ad  hospitem 
alter.  Qui  ut  cOnatl  '  quiescebant,  concubia  uocte  visus  est  in 
somnis  cl,  qui  erat  in  hospitio,  ille  alter  orare,  ut  subveuiret, 
quod  sibi  a  caupone  interitus  pararetur.  Primo  perterritus 
somnio  surrexit :  dein  cum  se  collegisset,  idque  Yisum  joro 
uiliilo  habendum  ^  esse  duceret,  recubuit.  Tum  ei  dormicnti 
idem  ille  vIsus  est  rogare,  ut,  quoniam  sib!  tIvo  non  subve- 
nissct,  mortem  suam  ne  inultam  esse  pateretur  :  se  interfe- 
ctum  in  j^laustrum  a  caupone  esse  conjectum,  et  supra  stercus 
injectum  :  peterc,  ut  mane  ad  portam  adesset,  priusquam 
plaustrum  ex  oppido  exiret.^  Hoc  vero*  somnio  commotus 
mane  bubulco^  praesto  ad  portam  fuit  ;  quaesivit  ex  eo,  quid 
esset  in  i)laustro.  Ille  perterritus  fiigit,  mortuus  erutus  est. 
Caupo,  re  patefacta,*"  poenas  dedit. 

'  cSnatI :  Pcrf.  Part.  Pass,  of  cSn5  with  Active  meaning.  '  pro  nihilS  habendum  : 
tube  legarded  as  of  no  coiisegue/ice,  Gerundive  of  habeO.  Sec  159,0.  ^  priusquam 
exiret :  After  positive  t-entenccs  priusquam  moie  commonly  talvcs  the  Subjunctive. 
So  if^Milarly  when  the  action  is  not  to  take  place.  *  v6r5  :  Conjunction.  See  VIII.  17. 
"  bubulcS  :  Depends  on  praesto  fuit,  w'us  ready  for,  met.  •  rg  patefacta :  Abl.  Abs. 
Sec  160,  i. 

XXIII. — Nihil  magis  i^detur  quam  quod  est  praeter  exspectationem. 

Cum  laesisset  testis  Silus  Pisonem,  quod  sO  in  eum  audisse 

quaedam  dixisset,'  Crassus  orator  :  "Potest  fieri,  inquit,  Sile, 

ut '  is,  unde'  te  audisse'  dlcis,  Iratus  dixerit."     Annuit  Silus. 

"  Potest  etiam,  ut  tu  non  recte  intellexens."    Id  quoque  toto 

8* 


178  LATIN   PRIMER. 

capite  annuit.  "  Potest  etiam  fieri,  inquit,  ut  omnino,  quod 
te  audisse  dicis,  nunquam  audieris."  '  Hoc  ita  praeter  exspe- 
ctationem  accidit,  ut  testem  omnium  risus  obrueret. 

'  dixisset:  Subj.  in  a  kind  of  Intl.  Disc.  (166,  2) :  bemuse  (as  P.  told  C.)  he  (S.) 
had  said  that  he  had  heard  some  talk  against  him  (P.).  2  Potest  fieri  ut :  Verbs  of 
Happening  take  ut  Consecutive.  See  166.  ^  unde  =  a  quo.  *  audisse  =  audivisse  ; 
audieris  -  audlveris. 

XXIV.— Servilis  tacitumitas. 

M.  Plso,  orator  Romanus,  seryls  praeceperat,  ut  taciturn! 
essent  et  tantum  ad  interrogata  responderent.  Aliquando 
conYivium  instituit ;  invitatus  est  etiam  Clodius,  qui  turn  ma- 
gistratum  gerebat.  Hora  cenae  venit  ;  adsunt  conyivae  omnes, 
solus  Clodius  exspectabatnr.  Plso  servum,  qui  solebat  convi- 
vas  voeare,  aliquotiens  emisit,  spectatum,  num  ^  veniret.  Cum 
Tesperasceret  et  omnes  de  ejus  adventii  desperarent,  Piso 
servo  :  Die,  inquit,  num  forte  Clodium  non  invitasti?' — In- 
vitavi,  respondet  ille. — Cur  ergo  non  venit? — Quia  invita- 
tionem  tuam  reeiisuvit. — Tum  Piso  :  Stipes  !  cur  id  non 
statim  dixisti  ? — Respondet  servus  :  Quia  id ''  non  sum  abs  te 
interrogatus. 

*  num:  Whether.  See  131.  ^  invltasti  =  invltavisti.  '  id:  Verbs  of  Asking 
take  two  Accusatives,  one  of  the  Person,  the  other  of  the  Thing.  The  second  Accusative 
i.s  retained  with  the  Passive. 

XXV.— Quid  est  deus  ? 

Cum  Hiero  tyrannus  quaesivisset  de  Simonide,  quid  deus 
esset,  deliberandi  causa  sibi  iinum  diem  postulavit.  Cum 
idem  ex  eo  postridie  quaereret,  biduum  petivit.  Cum  saepius 
duplicaret  numerum  dierum,  admiransque  Hiero  requireret, 
ciir  ita  faceret :  Quia,  quanto,'  inquit,  diutius  considero, 
tanto  mihi  res  videtur  obsciirior. 

^  quantd  :  Measure  of  Difference.    See  143,  3. 

XXVI. — Androclus  et  le5. 

Apion  Alexandrinus  refert,  quod  neque  audisse  se,  neque 
legisse,  sed  ipsum  in  urbe  Roma  vidisse  oculis  suis  confirmat. 
In  circo  maximo,  inquit,  venationes  amplissimae  edebantur. 


READING  LESSOKS.  179 

Ejus  rei,  Romae  cum  forte  essem,  spectator  fuT.  Multae  ibi 
erant  saevientes  ferae  inusitata  '  forma  aut  ferocia.  Sed 
praeter  alia  omnia  leonum  immanitas  admlrationr''  fuit  prae- 
terque  omnes  ceterOs  uuius  immanitas.  Is  unus  leo  corporis 
magnitudine  terrificoque  f remitu  et  comis  fluctuantibus  animos 
oculosque  omnium  in  sese  convertit.  Introductus  crat  inter 
complures  alius  ad  pugnam  bestiarum  servus  virl  cOnsularis. 
El  servo'  Androclus  nomen  fuit.  Hunc  ille  leo  ubi  vidit 
2:)rocul,  repente  quasi  admirans  stctit,  ac  deinde  scnsim  atque 
placide  tanquam  noscitans  ad  hominem  acccdit ;  tum  caudam 
more  atque  ritu  adulantium  canum  blande  movet,  hominisque 
sese  corpori  adjungit,  cruraque  ejus  et  manus,  propc  jam  ex- 
animatl  metu,  lingua  lenitcr  demulcet.  Androclus  inter  ilia 
tarn  atrocis  ferae  blandimenta  missum  animum  recuperat ; 
paulatim  oculos  ad  leonem  refert.  Tum,  quasi  mutua  reco- 
gnitio  fieret,  laeti  adstiterunt  et  gratulabundi  homo  et  leo. 
Ea  re  tam  admirabili  maxim!  populT  clamOres  excitati  sunt, 
arcessltusque  a  Caesare  Androclus  interrogatus  est,  cur  ille 
atrocissimus  leonum  uni  pepercisset.  Ibi  Androclus  rem 
mirificam  narrat. 

Cum  dominus  mens,  inquit,  in  provincia  Africa  proconsul 
esset,  ego  ibi  inlquTs  ejus  ct  quotldianis  verberibus  ad  fugam 
sum  coactus  :  et  ut  mihi  a  domino,  terrae  illius  praeside,  tu- 
tiores  latebrae  forent,  in  camporum  et  arenurum  solitudines 
concessi,  ac  si  defuisset*  cibus,  consilium  fuit,  mortem  aliquo 
pacto  quaercre.  Tum  sol,  inquit,  cum  vehementissime  flagra- 
ret,  spccum  quendam  nactus  remotum  latebrosumque,  in  cum 
me  recondo.  Non  multo  post  ad  eundem  specum  venit  liTc  leo, 
debill  imo  et  cruent(3  pede,  gemitus  edens  et  murmura,  dolorem 
cruciatumquc  vulneris  significantia.  Primo  quidem  conspectu 
advenientis  leonis  territus  sum  et  pavefactus.  Sed  postquam 
introgressus  leo  in  latibulum  suum  viditme  procul  delitcsccn- 
tem,  mitiset  mansuetus  accessit,  ac  subliitum  ^  pedem  porrexit 
et  quasi  opem  petere  yisus  est.  Ibi  ego  stirpem  ingentem,  ye- 
stlgio  pedis  ejus  inhaerentem,  revelli,  saniemque  express!,  accu- 
ratiusque  sine  magna  jam  form!dine  siccavi  penitus  atque  de- 


180  LATIi^-   PRIMER. 

tersi  cruorem.  Ille  time  mca  opera  et  medela  levatus,  pecle 
in  manibus  meis  posito,  recubuit  et  quievit.  Atque  ex  eo  die 
triennium  totiim  ego  et  leo  in  eodem  specii  eodemque  victu 
viximus.  Nam  earum,  qiias  venabtitur,  ferarum  membra  opl- 
miora  ad  specum  mihi  suggerebat,  quae  ego,  Ignis  copiam  non 
habens,  sole  merldiano  tosta  ^  edebam.  Sed  nbi  me  vitae  illius 
ferlnae  jam  pertaesum  est, '  leone  yenatum  profecto,  reliqui 
specum,  et  viam  ferme  tridui  permensus,  a  militibus  tisus 
comprebensiisque  sum,  et  ad  dominum  ex  Africa  Romam  de- 
ductus.  Is  me  statim  capitis  *  damnavit  deditque  ad  bestias. 
Videtur  autem  hic  quoque  leo  postea  captus  nunc  gratiam  mihi 
beneficii  et  medicinae  referre.  Haec  Androclus.  Tum  cuncto- 
rum  precibus  dimissus  est  et  poena  solutus,  leoque  ei  suffragiis 
populi  donatus.  Postea  videbamus  Androclum  et  leonem,  loro 
tenui  revinctum,  urbe  tota  circum  tabernas  Ire.  Donabatur 
acre  Androclus,  floribus  spargebatur  leo  ;  omnes  fere  obvil  dl- 
cebant  :  Hic  est  leo  liospes  hominis,  liic  est  homo  medicus 
leonis. 

'  inusitata  forma  :  Abl.  of  Quality,  of  vnusnal  appearance.  ^  aclmirationi :  Dat. 
of  Object,  ail  object  of  adiniration.  VIII.  14.  ^  gervo  nomen  fuit :  lo  the  slave  Uiere 
uas  the  name,  the  slave  was  nanud.  '»  si  defuisset  :  '/  it  should  fail.  ^  subla- 
tum— pedem :  raised  his  paw  and  .  .  .  Comp.  I.  13.  «  tosta,  Pf.  Pass.  Part,  of  tor- 
reo.  tosta-edebam  :  roasted  and  .  .  .  '  vitae  pertaesum  est :  it  tired  me  of,  I 
becarne  tired  o/.— pertaesum  est,  Perf.  of  pertaedet,  which  takes  the  Ace.  of  the  Per- 
son, and  the  Gen.  of  the  Thing,  s  capitis  :  Gen.  of  Punishment,  after  the  Verb  of 
Condemning.    _^ 


VOCABULARY, 


L— LATIN-ENGLISH. 


A,  ab,  abs,  from,  hy. 

abavus,  i;  great-great-grandfatlier. 

abduco,    3.    duxi,    ductum,     lead 

away,  take. 
abeo,  4.  ii,  itum,  go  away. 
abigo,  3.  egi,  actum,  drive  away. 
abjicid    (abicio),   3.   jeci,  jectum, 

throw  away. 
abscond5,   3.  condi  (didi),  condi- 

tum,  hide.  {gone.. 

absum,  abesse,  afui,  to  he  aosent, 

ac,  atque,  and,  as. 
acanthis,  idis,  f.,  gold-finch. 
accedo,  3.  cessi,  cessum,  approach, 

be  added.  [light. 

accendd,  3.  i,  nsum,  to  set  on  fire, 

Eccido,  3.  cidi,  — ,  happen,  turn 
out.  [ceive,  learn. 

accipio,  3.  cepi,  ceptum,  take,  re- 

accipiter,  tris,  in.,  hawk. 

accurate,  carefully. 

accurro,  3.  curri,  cursum,  run  up. 

acies,  ei,  f.,  edge,  li7ie  of  battle ; 
acie  pugnare,  fight  a  pitched  bat- 
tle. 

acer,  acris,  acre,  sharp,  keen,  bit- 
ing,  violent;  adv.,  acriter. 

acutus,  a,  um,  pointed,  sharp,  witty. 

ad,  to,  at,  before. 

addo,  3.  didi,  ditum,  add. 
adduce,    3.    duxl,    ductum,   lead, 

bring  up  ;  lead  on  {induce). 
adf.     See  aff.  [use,  employ. 

adhibeo,  2.  apply,  call  in,  invite, 
adjungo,  3.  junxi,  junctum,  join, 

attach.  [hie. 

admirabilis,  e,  wonderful,  admira- 


admiratio,  onis,  f.,  wonder. 
admiror,  1.  admire,  wonder. 
admoneo,  2.  admonish.         [up,  to. 
admoved,  2.   movi,  motum,  move 
adnato,  1.  sivim  up. 
adolesco,  3   olevi,  ultum,  grow  up. 
adsto,  1.  stiti,  — ,  stand  by,  near, 

there. 
ad  sum,   esse,   aflfui,    be  present,  be 

upon  (one),  present  oneself. 
adulator,  5ris,  m.,  flatterer. 
adulor,  1.  flatter,  fawn. 
adulter,  erij  paramour. 
advenio,  4.  veni,  ventum,  arrive, 

draw  near. 
adventus,  us,  arrival,  coming. 
adversus,  a,  um,  adverse. 
advolo,  1.  fly,  hurry  up. 
Siedis  {a.edes),iSji.  ,temple,i>\.,hoiise. 
aeger,  gra,  grum,  sick. 
Aegisthus,  i,  Aegisthus,  cousin  of 

Agamemnon. 
aegrotus,  a,  um,  sick. 
aer,  aeris,  m.,  air. 
aes,  aeris,  n.,  copper,  money. 
aestimo,  1.  value. 
aetas,  atis,  f.,  age;  aetatem  agere, 

spend  life.  [(wjo,  to). 

aflfero,  afferre,  attull,  allatum,  bring 
affirmo,  1.  assure,  affirm,  aver. 
Agamemnon,  6nis,  K.  of  Mycenae. 
agaso,  onis,  groom,  ass-driver. 
ager,  gri,  m.,  field,  territory. 
agito,  1.  drive  violoitly. 
ago,    3.    egi,  actum,  drive,  bring, 

act,  treat;    causam  a.,   plead  a 

case. 
agricola,  ae,  husbandman,  farmer, 
ait  (fr.  ajo),  he  says. 

181 


182 


LATIK   PRIMER. 


Alexander,    dri,    Alexander    {the 

Great).  [in  Egypt, 

Alexandrinus,  a,  um,  of  Alexandria 
aliquando,  once,  one  day. 
aliquis,  qua,  quid,  subst. ,  some  one 

or  other.  [any, 

aliqui,  quae  (qua),  quod,  adj.,  some, 
aliquot,  some,  several. 
aliquotiens,  several  times. 
alius,  a,  ud,  another,  other  ;  aliud — 

aliud,  one—arMher. 
alii — alii,  some — others. 
allatro,  1.  hark  at. 
alloquor,  3.  locutus  sum,  address. 
alo,  8.  aluij  altum,  nourish,  keep. 
alter,  era,  erum,  the  one,  the  other, 

second. 
altercor,  1.  wrangle. 
altu3,  a,  um,  high,  tall,  deep;  altum, 

i,  tJie  deep  (sea). 
amarus,  a,  um,  bitter. 
ambulo,  1.  walk. 

amicitia,  ae,  friendship,      [friend, 
amicus,  a,  imi,  friendly ;  subst.,  a 
amittd,  3.  misi,  missum,  lose. 
amnis,  is,  m.,  river. 
amd,  1.  love.  [a  large  scale. 

amplus,  a,  um,  spacious,  ample,  on 
an,  or,  perhaps. 
ancilla,  ae,  maidservant. 
anguis,  is,  c,  snake. 
anima,  ae,  breath,  soul. 
animadverto,    3.    verti,     versum, 

observe,  notice. 
animal,  ^s,  n.,  animal. 
animus,  i,  mind,  courage. 
annecto,  3.  nexi,  nexum,  to  attach; 

tintinnabulum  a.,  to  hell. 
annuo,  3.  ui,  utum,  give  a  nod,  nod 

{assent). 
annus,  i,  year. 
anser,  eris,  m.,  goose. 
ante,  prep.,  before. 
antea  (ante),  adv.,  before. 
antecedo,  3.  cessi,'cessum,  precede, 

get  the  start,  be  ahead. 
antiquus,  a,  um,  old,  ancient. 
anxius,  a,  um,  anxious. 
apage,  begone,  get  you  gone.    [open. 
aperio,  4.  ui,  rtum,  disclose,  reveal, 
appareo,  2.  ui,  — ,  appear. 
apporto,  1.  bring  (up),  fetch. 
appropinquo,  1.  approach. 


apricor,  1.  bask,  sun  oneself,      [of. 

apud,  at,  with,  at  the  house  (table) 

aqua,  ae,  water. 

aquila,  ae,  eagle. 

aranea,  ae,  spider. 

arbor,  oris,  f.,  tree. 

Areas,  adis,  Arcadian. 

arcesso,  3.  ivi,  itum,  send  for. 

arena,  ae,  (har),  arena;  arenae 
solitudo,  sandy  desert. 

argenteus,  a,  um,  of  silver. 

Argi,  orum,  Argos. 

Argonautae,  arum,  the  Argonauts, 
sailors  in  the  ship  Argo. 

arrepo,  3.  repsi,  reptum,  crawl  up. 

arrigo,  3,  rexi,  rectum,  raise  up, 
prick  up. 

arripio,  3.  ripui,  reptum,  snatch. 

ars,  artis,  f.,  art,  quality,    [former. 

artifex,  icis,  artist,    artificer,  per- 

arvum,  i,  field.  [go  up. 

ascends,  3.  i,  nsum,  ascend,  mount, 

asinus,  i,  ass,  donkey. 

aspectus,  us,  sight,  [see. 

aspicio,  3.  spexi,  spectum,  behold, 

asporto,  1.  carry  off. 

at,  but, 

Athenae,  arum,  pi.,  Athens. 

Atheniensis,  e,  Athenian. 

atque,  and. 

atrox,  ocis,  adj.,  savage. 

attentus,  a,  um,  attentive. 

Atticus,  a,  um,  Attic,  of  Attica. 

attingo,  3.  tigi,  tactum,  touch,  reach. 

auctor,  oris,  author. 

audeo,  2.  ausus  sum,  dare. 

audio,  4.  hear,  [carry  away. 

aufero,  auferre,   abstuli,  ablatum, 

aufugio,  3.  fugi,  fugitum,  flee,  run 
away.  ' 

aureus,  a,  um,  golden. 

auricula,  ae,  tip  of  the  ear. 

auriga,  ae,  charioteer,  driver. 

auris,  is,  f.,  ear. 

aurum,  i,  gold. 

ausculto,  1.  listen. 

aut,  or  ;  aut — aut,  either — or. 

autem  (postpositive),  hut,  however. 

auxilium,  i,  help;  pi.,  reinforce- 
ments. 

avarus,  a,  um,  avaricious. 

avello,  3.  velli,  vulsum,  tear,  jiluck 
away. 


VOCABULARY.  — LATIN-ENGLISH. 


183 


averts,  3.  verti,  versum,  turn  asidCj 

avert. 
avis,  is,  f.,  iird. 
avolo,  l.fly  aivay. 
avus,  i,  grandfather. 


Bacillum,  i,  stick,  staff. 

balneae,  arum,  plur.,  baths. 

barbarus,  a,  um,  barbarous,  barba- 
rian, outlandish. 

beatus,  a,  um,  blessed. 

belle,  finely. 

bellum,  i,  icar. 

belua,  ae,  beast,  animal. 

bene,  icell. 

beneficium,  i,  benefit.  [hearted. 

benevolus,  a,  um,  benevolent,  ki?id- 

benignus,  a,  um,  good-natured, 
kind. 

bestia,  ae,  animal,  beast. 

bestiola,  ae,  poor  little  beast. 

Bias,  ntis,  one  of  the  seven  wise  men 
of  Greece. 

bibo,  3.  bibi,  — ,  drink. 

biceps,  cipitis,  two-headed. 

biduum,  i,  space  of  two  days. 

bis,  twice. 

blandimentum,  i,  flattery,  caress. 

blandior,  4.  flatter,  caress. 

blanditia,  ae,  caress,  blandishment. 

blandus,  a,  um,  insinuating,  coax- 
ing, cajoling,  smirking. 

bonus,  a,  um,  good.  \kine. 

bos,  bovis,  c,  ox,  cow ;  pi.,  oxen, 

brevis,  e,  short. 

bubulcus,  i,  cowherd,  neatherd. 

C. 

O.  =  Caius,  or  Gains. 

cadaver,  eris,  n.,  corpse,  dead  body. 

caedo,  3.  cecidx,  caesum,  fell,  hew. 

caelum,  i,  heaven,  sky. 

Caesar,  aris,  Caesar  —  Emperor. 

calamitas,  atis,  f., disaster, calamity. 

calculus,  i,  stone,  piece  {at  draughts), 

man. 
Caligula,  ae,  a  Roman  Emperor. 
callidus,  a,  um,  sly. 
campus,  i,  plain,  campus, 
canis,  is,  c,  dog,  hound. 
cano,  3,  cecini,  cantum,  sing. 


cant5,  1.  sing. 

cantus,  us,  song,  singing. 

capella,  ae,  kid.  [take. 

capio,  3.  cepi,  captum,  catch,  seize, 

capitalis,  e,  capital,  mortal. 

captivus,  a,  um,  captive. 

caput,  itis,  n.,  head;  capitis,  capite 
damnare,  condemn  to  death. 

cared,  2.  be,  do  without, 

carmen,  inis,  n.,  poem, 

Ceiro,  carnis,  f.,  flesh. 

earns,  a,  um,  dear. 

castigo,  1.  chastise. 

castra,  drum,  n.  pi.,  camp. 

catulus,  i,  puppy,  whelp.  / 

Cauda,  ae,  tail. 

caupo,  onis,  innkeeper. 

causa,  ae,  cauhe,  case  (suit). 

cautus,  a,  um,  cautious. 

cavea,  ae,  cage. 

caveo,  2.  cavi,  cautum,  beware. 

celebro,  1.  celebrate. 

celer,  eris,  ere,  quick. 

celo,  1.  conceal  (from). 

cena,  ae,  dinner. 

ceno,  1.   dine;  cenatus,  pf.  part. 
pass.,  that  lias  dined. 

centesimus,  a,  um,  hundredth. 

centurid,  onis,  captain.  | 

cerno,  3.  (crevi),(cretum),j9ercm'e, 

certamen,  inis,  n.,  contest. 

certe,  surely,  at  least. 

certo,  certainly. 

certus,  a,  um,  certain,  sure;  certi- 
orem  facere,  inform. 

cervus,  i,  stag.  [body  else. 

ceteri,  ae,  a,  the  rest,  others,  every- 

Chersonesus      Taurica,       Tauric 
Chersonesus  (Crimea). 

cibus,  i,  food,  victuals. 

ciconia,  ae,  stork. 

circulus,  i,  circle,  gathering. 

circum,  around. 

circumduco,  3.  duxi,  ductum,  lead 
round  {and  round). 

circus,  i,  circle,  ring,  course,  circus. 

citus,  a,  um,  quick;  adv.,  cito,  quick- 
ly, soon. 

citb,  1.  summon. 

civis,  is,  c,  citizen,  fellow-citizen, 

clam,  secretly. 

clamo,  1.  cry  aloud. 

clamor,  oris,  m.,  outcry,  yell. 


184 


LATIN   PRIMER. 


clarus,  a,  urn,  clear,  loud,  renowned, 

hrigJit,  famous. 
claudo,  3.   clausi,  clausunij   shut  ; 

clausum  in  pectore,  at  the  bottom 

of  the  heart. 
climax,  acis,  f ,  climax. 
clitellae,  arurrij  p].,  pacTc-saddle. 
coepi,  coepisse  (def.  verb),  began. 
cogito,  1.  think.         \out,  recognize. 
cognosco,  3.    gnovi,  gnitum,   find 
c5go,  3.    coegi,   coactum,   compel, 

collect. 
Oolchi,  orum,  pi.,  city  of  Colchis. 
colligo,  1.  bind  up. 
colligo,  3.  legi,  lectum,  gather,  col- 
lect ;  se  coUigere,   come  to  one's 

senses. 
coUum,  i,  7ieeJc.  [honor. 

coloj   3.    coluij    cultum,    worship, 
color,  oris,  m.,  color. 
coluber,  bri,  adder  ;  snake. 
coma,  ae,  hair,  mane. 
comes,  itis,  c,  companion. 
comitas,  atis,  f.,  civility. 
committo,  3.  misi,  missum,  commit; 

pugnam  c,  join  battle. 
commodum,  i,  advantage,  profit. 
commoveo,  2.  m5vi,  motum,  move, 

stir. 
comparo,  1.  compare,  procure,  bring. 
complector,  3.    plexus    sum,   em- 
brace, comprise. 
complures,  a  (ia),  several,  a  great 

many.  [arrest,  catch. 

comprehendo,  3.  ndi,  nsum,  seize, 
concedo,   3.   cessi,   cessum,   with- 

draw,  betake  oneself,  grant ;  con- 

cedere  vitam,  spare  life. 
concipio,  3.  cepi,  ceptum,  conceive. 
Concordia,  ae,  concord,  harmony. 
concors,  cordis,  adj.,  harmonious. 
concubia   nocte,  time  of  the  first 

deep  sleep.  [gether. 

concurro,  3.  curri,  cursum,  run  to- 
cond5,  3.  didi,  ditum,  build,  found, 

hide,  bury. 
condono,  1.  present,  grant. 
conduco,   3.    duxi,   ductum,  bring 

together,  hire. 
c5nficio,   3.    feci,    fectum,   finish, 

wear  out,  chew  (up). 
confidd,   3.     confisus     sum    (with 

Dat.),  trust,  put  confidence  in. 


confirmo,  1.  strengthen,  aver. 

confodio,  3.  fodi,  tossum,  stab. 

confringo,  3.  fregi,  fractum,  crush, 
snap. 

conjicio  (conicio),  3.  jeci,  jectum, 
throw  (together),  bring,  conjectui-e. 

conjuro,  1.  conspire. 

conjux  (conjunx),  ugis,  c,  consort 
{husband,  ivife). 

Conor,  1.  endeavor,  attemjjt. 

conscendo,  3.  ndi,  nsum,  mount, 
climb. 

conscius,  a,  um,  aware. 

consequor,  3.  secutus  sum,  reach, 
attain,  overtake. 

considero,  1.  consider. 

c5nsid6,3.  sedi,  sessum,  take  a  seat. 

c5nsilium,  i,  counsel,  plan,  advice. 

conspectus,  us,  sight,  view. 

conspicio,  3.  spexi,  spectum,  be- 
hold, espy. 

conspicor,  1.  catch  sight  of. 

constituo,  3.  ui,  utum,  estahlish, 
fix,  determine.         [bind  together. 

constringo,    3.    strinxi,    strictum, 

consul,  is,  consul. 

consularis  (vir),  ex-consul. 

c5nsulatus,  us,  consulship. 

consulo,  3.  ui,  ultum,  consult. 

consulto,  1.  take  counsel. 

contegd,  3.  texi,  tectum,  cover  up. 

contemplor,  1.  gaze  at. 

contends,  3.  ndi,  ntum,  strive. 

contenti5,  5nis,  f.,  exertion,  conten- 
tion. 

contineo,  2.  tinui,  tentum,  contain, 
hold,  keep  {close).  [out  break. 

continuus,  a,  um,  continuous,  with- 

contra,  against;  adv.,  on  the  other 
hand,  opposite  side. 

contrecto,  1.  paiv. 

conveUo,  3.  velli,  vulsum,  to 
pluck,  pull  violently. 

convenio,  4.  veni,  ventum,  assem- 
ble, be  convenient;  c.  aliquem, 
visit ;  convenit,  it  is  agreed. 

conventus,  us,  meeting,  assembly, 

converts,  3.  verti,  versum,  turn 
about,  towards. 

convicium,    i,    reviling,     railing; 
convicia 
speecJies. 

conviva,  ae,  c,  guest. 


VOCABULARY. — LATIN-EKGLISH. 


185 


convivimn,  i,  banquet,  parti/. 

convoco,  1.  convoke. 

copia,  ae,  store,  abundance,  oppor- 

tunity,  way  of  getting ;  copiae, 

forces,  resources. 
comu,  us,  hor7i ;  icing  (of  army). 
corpus,  oris,  n.,  body,  jjcrson. 
corripio,  3.  ripui,  reptum,  seize. 
corrumpo,  3.  rupi,  ruptum,  corrupt, 

bribe. 
corvus,  i,  raven. 
coturnix,  icis,  f.,  quail. 
creda,  3.  didi,  ditum,  trust,  believe. 
cremo,  1.  burn. 

cre5,  1.  create,  choose.  [crease. 

cresco,  3.  crevi,  cretum,  grow,  in- 
cruciatus,  us,  torture. 
crucio,  1.  torture. 
crudelis,  e,  cmiel. 
crudelitas,  atis,  f.,  cruelty. 
cruentus,  a,  um,  bloody. 
cruor,  oris,  m.,  gore,  blood. 
crus,  uris,  n.,  leg. 
cuculus,  i,  cvcJcoo. 
culex,  icis,  m  ,  gnat. 
cultus,  us,  attire,  garb. 
cum,  prep.,  ivit/i ;  conj.,  tvhen,  as, 

since  ;  cum  —  tum,    both — and  ; 

cum  prirrum,  as  soon  as,  just  as. 
cunae,  arum,  pi.,  cradle. 
cunctus,  a,  um,  all  {together). 
cupidus,  a,  um,  eager,  greedy. 
cupio,  3.  cupivi,  cupitum,  desire. 
cur,  IV hy. 
cura,  ae,  care. 
euro,  1.  care  for,  nurse. 
curro,  3.  cucurri,  cursum,  run. 
custodio,  4.  guard. 
custos,  odis,  m.,  guard. 
Cynicus,  i,  Cynic. 


Damno,  1.  condemn,      [doum  from. 
de  (prep.  w.  Abl.),  from,  of,  about, 
dea,  ae,  goddess. 
debeo,  3.  oice,  ought,  must. 
debilis,  e,  weak,  disabled. 
decedo,  3.  cessi,  cessum,  go  away, 

get  out  of  the  way,  die. 
decern,  te7i. 
decet,  it  becomes. 
decide,  3.  cidi,  — ,  fall  down. 


decipio,  3.   cepi,  ceptum,   deceive 

{take  in). 
deduce,   3.    duxl,   ductiun,    bring 

down,  launch,  take  home. 
defectus,  a,  um,  worn  out. 
defendo,  3.  ndi,  nsmn,  defend. 
defero,  ferre,  tuli,   latum,   carry, 

convey  down,  out  of  one's  course, 

drift. 
defodio,  3.  fodi,  fossum,  to  bury. 
deformitas,  atis,  1,  ugliness. 
dein,  deinde,  then. 
dejicio   (deicio),   3,   jeci,    jectum, 

throw  down,  off.  [slip  down. 

delabor,  3.  lapsus  sum,  fall  down, 
delecto,  1.  delight.  [late. 

dsled,  2.  blot  out,  destroy,  annihi- 
delibero,  1.  deliberate,  weigh. 
delitesco,  8.  litui,  — ,  skulk,  lurk. 
Delphi,  orum,  pi.,  IJeljM,  seat  of 

the  oracle  of  Apollo. 
demitto,  3.  misi,  missiim,  let  down. 
demonstro,  1.  show. 
demulceo,  2.  mulsl,  mulsum,  stroke, 

lick. 
demum,  at  length,  not — until. 
denique,  finally. 
dens,  ntis,  m.,  tooth. 
deploro,  1.  bewail. 
depono,  3.  posui,  positum,  lay  down, 

aside,  deposit.  [at. 

derided,  2.  risi,  risum,  deride,  jeer 
descends,   3.   ndi,  nsum,  descend, 

come  down,  resort  to. 
desidero,  1.  long  for. 
designs,  1.  designate. 
desinS,  3.  desii,  desitum,  leave  off, 

cease.  [off. 

desists,  3.  stiti,  stitum,  desist,  leave 
desperS,  1.  despair  {of),  give  up  in 

despair. 
desum,  deesse,  defui,  be  wanting, 

fail. 
detego,  3.  texi,  tectimi,  take  off. 
deterges,  2.  (3.)  tersi,  tersum,  uipe 

off. 
deus,  i,  god.  [lodging. 

deverto,  3.  verti,  versum,   to  take 
devolo,  1.  ffy  down. 
devoro,  1,  devour. 
dexter,  tra,  trum,  and  tera,  tenun, 

nght ;  dextra,  to  the  right. 
Diana,  ae,  sister  of  Apollo. 


186 


LATIK  PRIMEB. 


dico,  3.  dixi,  dictum,  say: 

dicto,  1.  dictate. 

dies,  ei,  c,  day ;  in  dies,  day  by 
day. 

diiacero,  1.  tear  in  pieces. 

dilanio,  1,  mangle. 

diligens,  ntis,  careful,  diligent. 

diligenter,  adv.,  carefully. 

diligentia,  ae,  care. 

dimitto,  3.  misi,  missum,  dismiss, 
let  slip,  let  go. 

Diogenes,  is,  a  philosopher. 

discedo,  3.  cessi,  cessum,  depart. 

discidium,  i,  dissension. 

discindo,  3.  scidi,  scissum,  tear 
open,  cut  apart. 

discipulus,  i,  scholar,  p^ipil. 

discordia,  ae,  discord. 

displiceo,  2.  (with  Dat.)  displease. 

dispute,  1.  discuss,  maintain,  dis- 
pute, argue. 

dissensio,  onis,  f.,  dissension. 

diu,  adv.,  long ;  comp.  diutius. 

divitiae,  arunij  pi.,  riches. 

do,  dare,  dedi,  datum,  give. 

doceo,  2.  ui,  doctumj  teach. 

dolor,  oris,  m.,  paiii,  anguish. 

dol5sus,  a,  um,  deceitful. 

dolus,  i,  trick,  wile. 

dominus,  i,  master,  owner. 

domo,  1.  domuij  domitum,  tame, 
subdue. 

is,   1,    house;    domi,    at 
home ;     domo, 
from  home. 

donee,  while,  until. 

dono,  1.  present. 

dormio,  4.  sleep. 

dorsum,  i,  bacTc. 

dubito,  1.  doubt,  hesitate. 

dubius,  a,  um,  doubtful,  undecided ; 
sine  dubio,  without  doubt. 

duco,  3.  duxij  ductum,  lead,  take 
home  {—  marry),  protract,  deem  ; 
ad  mortem  ducere,  lead  to  execu- 
tion. 

dulcisj  e,  sweet. 

dum,  while,  so  long  as,  until. 

duOj  duae,  duo,  two. 

duodecim,  twelve. 

duplico,  1.  double. 

durus,  a,  um,  hard,  hard-hearted. 

dux,  ducis,  leader. 


E,  see  ex. 

ed5,  3.  edidi,  editum,  put  forth, 

utter,  perform,  exhibit. 
edo,  3.  edi,  esum,  eat,     [out,  bury. 
eflFero,  eflferre,  extuli,  elatum,  carry 
effugio,   3.    fugi,  fugitum,    escape, 

scamper  {off). 
egregius,  a,  um,  excellent. 
eheu,  alas  ! 
ejuia,  1.  wail. 
eligo,  3.  (Ieg5),  pick  out. 
emerge,  3.  mersi,  mersum,  emerge. 
emineo,  2.  ui,  — ,  stick  out. 
emitto,  3.  misi,  missum,  sent  forth, 

let  go,  shoot. 
en,  lo  ! 

enarro,  1.  recount,  tell. 
enim  (postpositive),  for. 
eo,  149,  to  go.  [Ephesus. 

Ephesius,    a,    van,    Ephesian,    of 
equa,  ae,  mare. 

eques,  itis,  rider,  cavalryman. 
equidem,  verily,  the  fact  is. 
equus,  i,  horse. 

ergo,  therefore.  [takeaway. 

eripio,  3.  eripui,  ereptum,  snatchy 
Eris,  idis,  goddess  of  discord. 
erro,  1.  err,  wander,  stray. 
error,  oris,  m.,  error,  mistake. 
eruo,  3.  ui,  utum,  tear  out,  drag, 

pluck  out,  destroy. 
erus,  i,  master.  [giant  Geryon. 

Erythia,  ae,  island,  where  dwelt  the 
et,  and  ;  et — et,  both— and. 
etiam,  even,  still,  also,  too. 
evado,  3.  vasi,  vasum,  come  forth, 

escape,  turn  out.  [be  the  upshot. 
evenio,  4.  veni,  ventum,  happen, 
everts,  3.  verti,  versum,  overturn. 
evito,  1.  avoid,  get  out  of  the  way 

of 
evoco,  1.  call  out. 
ex  (e),  out  of,  from,  by.  [(life). 

excedo,  3.  cessi,  cessum,  depart 
excello,  3.  ui,  — ,  (with  Dat.)  excel. 
excido,  3.  excidi,  — ,  fall  out,  drop 

from.        [receive,  catch,  welcome. 
excipio,   3.   cepi,  ceptum,  accept, 
excito,  1.  stir  up,  excite,  awake. 
exclam5,  1.  cry  out.  [cut  off. 

exclude,  3.  clusi,  clusum,  shut  out. 


VOCABULARY.  — LATIN-ENGLISH. 


187 


exemplum,  I,  example. 

exeo,  4.  ii,  itum,  go  out. 

exerceo,  2.  practise,  exercise. 

exercitatio,  onis,  f.,  practice^  exer- 
cise. 

exercitus,  us,  army,    [exact,  spend. 

exigo,  3,  egi,  actum,  expel,  execute, 

exiguus,  a,  um,  small,  scant. 

expello,  3.  puli,  piilsum,  expel, 
hanish.  [to  the  t('st. 

experior,  4.  expertus  sum,  try,  put 

explore,  1.  spy  out,  examine. 

exprimo,  3.  pressi,  pressum,  ex- 
press, squeeze  out. 

exspectatid,  onis,  f.,  expectcMon. 

exstinguo,  3.  stinxi,  stinctum,  put 
out,  extinguish,  kill. 

exterreo,  2.  frighten. 

extraho,  3.  traxi,  tractum,  draw 
out,  get  out,  extract. 

F. 

Faber,  bri,  carpenter. 

fabula,  ae,  fable,  story,  play. 

facies,  ei,  face. 

facilis,  e,  easy  ;  facile,  adv.,  easily. 

facinus,  oris,  n.,  deed. 

facio,  3.  feci,  factum,  m,a1ce,  do. 

factum,  i,  deed.  [speech. 

facundus,  a,  um,  eloquent,  of  ready 

fallax,  acis,  deceitful. 

fallo,  3.  fefelli,  falsum,  deceive,  dis- 
appoint. 

fames,  is,  f.,  hunger,  famine. 

familiaris,  e,  intimate  {friend) ;  res 
familiaris,  property. 

famulus,  i,  servant. 

fasciculus,  i,  little  bundle, 

fascis,  is,  m.,  bundle. 

fatigo,  1.  fatigue.         [pleton,  fool. 

fatuus,  a,  um,  silly;    subst.,  sim- 

fel,  fellis,  n.,  gall. 

feles,  is,  f.,  cat. 

felix,  cis,  happy. 

femina,  ae,  woman,  female. 

fenestra,  ae,  u'indow. 

fera,  ae,  ivild  beast. 

fere,  almost,  about. 

ferinus,  a,  um,  of  loild  beasts. 

ferme,  about. 

fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  bear. 

ferocia,  ae^  fierceness. 


ferox,  cis,  fierce. 

ferreus,  a,  um,  iron,  of  iron. 

ferus,  a,  um,  wild,  savage. 

festinanter,  hastily. 

festino,  1.  hasten,  make  haste. 

fidelis,  e,  faithful. 

fides,  ei,  trust,  faith,  faithfulness. 

f  ilia,  ae,  daughter. 

f  iliolus,  i,  little  son. 

f  Ilius,  i,  son. 

finis,  is,  ni.,  end,  border. 

f  io,  fieri,  factus  sum,  becomCf  hap- 
pen, take  place. 

flagito,  1.  demand, 

flagro,  1.  burn. 

flamma,  ae,  flame. 

flebilis,  e,  tearful,  doleful. 

fleets,  3.  fiexi,  fiexum,  bend,  pre- 
vail on. 

fleo,  2.  flevi,  fletum,  weep. 

flos,  floris,  m.,  flower,  bloom. 

fluctuo,  1.  wave,  waver. 

fluctus,  us,  flood,  wave. 

fluvius,  i,  river. 

fons,  fontis,  m.,  fountain,  spring. 

fore,  Fut.  Inf.  of  sum. 

forma,  ae,  form,  shape,  appearance. 

formldo,  inis,  f.,  fear. 

formosus,  a,  um,  beautiful. 

forte,  by  chance. 

fortis,  e,  brave.  [tude. 

fortitude,   inis,   f.,  bravery,  forti- 

fortuna,  ae,  fortune.  [crush. 

frango,   3.   fregi,   fractum,    break, 

frater,  fratris,  brother. 

fraudo,  1.  cheat. 

fraus,  fraudis,  f.,  cheat,  fraud. 

fremitus,  us,  roar. 

frem5,  3.  ui,  itum,  roar, 

frenum,  i,  bit,  bridle. 

fruor,  3.  fruitus,  fructus,  enjoy, 

frustra,  in  vain. 

frustum,  i,  bit. 

frutox,  icis,  m.,  shrub. 

fxigaj^ae,  flight. 

fugio,  3.  fugi,  fugitum,  flee,  escape, 

fugitivus,  a,  um,  fugitive,  runaway. 

fugo,  1.  put  to  flighi,  chase  away. 

fulgeo,  2.  fulsi,  — ,  glitter,  shine. 

fur,  is,  thief.  [vengeance. 

Furiae,  arum,  pi.,  furies,  spirits  of 

(furo),  3. ,  rave,  rage. 

I  fustis,  is,  m. ,  cudgel. 


188 


LATIK   PRIMER. 


G. 

Gajus,  Gaius,  a  Roman  praenomen. 

Gallia,  ae,  Gaul. 

gallina,  ae,  hen. 

gallus,  i,  cock. 

gaudeo,  2.  gavisus  sum,  rejoice. 

gaudiumj  ij/o^. 

gemitus,  us,  groan. 

gener,  i,  son-in-law. 

generosus,  a,  um,  nodlCf  generous. 

gero,  3.  gessi,  gestum,  ccirrg  on, 
wage,  perform. 

gloria,  ae,  glory. 

gracilis,  e,  slender. 

gracilitas,  atis,  f.,  slenderness. 

graculus,  i,  jackdaw. 

Graecus,  a,  um,  of  Greece,  Grecian. 

gratia,  slb^ gratitude,  favor;  gratiam 
habere, /ee/  thankful;  g.referre, 
return  favor,  make  return  for ; 
gratias  agere,  return  thanks, 
thank.  \ing. 

gratulabimdus,  a,  um,  congratulat- 

gratus,  a,  um,  grateful. 

gravis,  e,  heavy,  severe,  grievous. 

grex,  gregis,  m.,  flock,  herd. 

griis,  gruis,  f.,  crane. 

guttur,  uris,  n.,  throat. 


H. 

Habeo,  2.  have,  hold,  regard. 

haered,  2.  haesi,  haesum,  stick, 
hesitate. 

haruspex,  icis,  m.,  haruspex. 

haud,  not.  [{water,  etc.). 

haurio,   4.  hausi,   haustum,   draw 

Helena,  ae,  Helen,  wife  of  Menelaus. 

Heraclidae,  arum,  descendants  of 
Hercules. 

herba,  ae,  herh,  grass. 

Hercules,  is,  a  hero,  son  of  Jupiter 
and  Alcmena. 

Hermiona,  ae,  Hermione,  daughter 
of  Menelaus  and  Helen. 

Hesperides,  um,  daughters  of  Hes- 
perus. 

heus,  ho  ! 

hie,  haec,  hoc,  this. 

hie,  adv.,  here,  at  this  point. 

hiems  (hiemps),  hiemis,  m.,  winter. 

Hispania,  ae,  Spain. 


homd,  Inis,  c,  man,  human  heing, 

fellow;  \A\\Y.,  people. 
hora,  ae,  hour.  [man  poet. 

Horatius,  i,  Horace,  a  famous  Ro' 
horrendus,  a,  um,  horrible. 
hortus,  i,  garden. 
hospes,  itis,  stranger,  guest,  host. 
hospitium,  i,  friend's  house. 
hostis,  is,  c,  enemy. 
humanus,  a,  um,  human. 
humilis,  e,  low. 

humo,  1.  bury,  inter.  [ground. 

humus,  i,  f.,  ground;  humi,  on  the 


Ibi,  there. 

Ida,  ae,  mountain  near  Troy. 

idem,  eadem,  idem,  the  same. 

ideo,  on  that  account.  [fore. 

igitur  (generally  postpositive),  there- 

ignis,  is,  m.,  fire. 

ignore,  1.  be  ignorant  of,  not  know. 

ignosc5,  3.  Ignovi,  ignotum,  (w. 
Dat.),  forgive. 

ille,  ilia,  illud,  that. 

imago,  inis,  f . ,  likeness,  image. 

imitabilis,  e,  imitable. 

imitor,  1.  imitate. 

immanitas,  atis,  1,  enormity,  in- 
humanity, [in. 

immergo,  8.  mersi,  mersum,^Z«^w^e 

immisceo,  2.  miscui,  mixtum,  mix 
in,  get  into,  in  among. 

immolo,  1.  sacrifice. 

impedio,  4.  hinder,  entangle. 

imperator,  oris,  general,  emperor. 

imperium,  i,  {supreme)  command, 
rule,  reign.  [govern. 

impero,  1.  command,  give  orders, 

impono,  3.  posui,  positum,  put  in, 
on,  impose. 

importiinus,  a,  um,  pressing,  im- 
portunate, churlish. 

improbus,  a,  um,  naughty,  ivicked, 
remorseless ;  subst.,  knave. 

improvisus,  a,  irni,  unforeseen,  un- 
expected. 

impriidens,  ntis,  imprudent,  un- 
wittingly, [less. 

impudens,  ntis,  impudent,  shame- 
in^  in,  on,  against,  to,  i7ito. 


VOCABULARY. — LATIN^-ENGLISH. 


189 


incautus,  a,  um,  adv. ,  incaute,  in- 
cautious. 

incertus,  a,  um,  uncertain. 

incid5,  8.  cidi,  casum,  fall  into, 
chance  upon. 

incipid,  3.  cepi,  ceptum,  begin. 

include,  3.  clusi,  clusum,  shut  up. 

incolumis,  e,  unhurt. 

India,  ae,  India. 

indignor,  1.  be  indignant. 

induo,  3.  ui,  utum,  jmt  on,  dress, 
array.  \^purposely. 

industria,  ae,  energy  ;  de  industria, 

ine5,  4.  ii,  itum,  enter. 

ineptus,  a,  um,  unsuitable,  silly. 

infans,  ntis,  infant,  babe,  minor, 
youthful. 

infelix,  Icis,  unhappy. 

inferior,  ius,  lower,  inferior. 

infligo,  3.  fiixi,  flictum,  deal,  inflict 
upon. 

ingenium,  i,  genius,  character, 

ingens,  ntis,  huge,  great. 

ingratus,  a,  um,  ungrateful. 

inhaereo,  2.  haesi,  haesum,  stick  in. 

inhumatus,  a,  um,  unbaried. 

inimicitia,  ae,  enmity. 

inimicus,  a,  um,  unfriendly;  subst., 
enemy,  adversary. 

iniquus,  a,  um,  unfair,  unjust. 

injicio  (inici5),  3.  jeci,  jectiun,  throw 
into,  on,  put  into;  furorem  inji- 
cere,  enrage ;  rixam  i^jicere, 
start  a  quarrel. 

injuria,  ae,  wrong. 

innocens,  ntis,  innocent. 

inopia,  ae,  loant,  neediness. 

inops,  opis,  needy  ;  inops  consilii, 
at  his  wits'  end. 

inquam,  quoth  I;  inquit,  qu^th  he; 
inquiunt,  say  they. 

Inscribe,  3.  scrips!,  scriptum,  write 
on,  inscribe.  [/ioz>  up  upon. 

Insilio,  4.  silui,  sultum,  leap  upon, 

instituo,  3.  ui,  utum,  establish,  in- 
stitute, set  on  foot,  get  up, 

insto,  1.  stiti,  — ,  press  hard. 

insvda,  ae,  island. 

insum,  esse,  fui,  be  in. 

intellea^o,  3.  lexi,  lectum,  under- 
stand. 

inter,  among. 

interficio,  3.  feci,  factum;  kill. 


interims,  3.  emi,  emptum,  make 
away  with,  kill.  [death. 

interitus,  us,  destruction,  perdition, 

interrogatum,  i,  question. 

interrogo,  1.  ask. 

intersum,  esse,  fui,  to  be  present ; 
interest,  it  concerns. 

intervenio,  4.  veni,  ventum,  come 
in  between,  intervene. 

intimus,  a,  um,  inmost,  intimate. 

intra,  prep.  w.  Ace,  within. 

intro,  1.  enter.  [duce. 

introduc5,  3.  duxi,  ductum,  intro- 

introgredior,  3.  gressus  sum,  step 
in. 

intromitto,  3.  misi,  missum,  let  in. 

inultus,  a,  um,  unavenged. 

inusitatus,  a,  um,  unusual. 

inutilis,  e,  useless,  good  for  nothing. 

invenio,  4.  veni,  ventum,  find. 

invidia,  ae,  envy,  evil  eye. 

invitatio,  onis,  f.,  invitation. 

invito,  1.  invite. 

invitus,  a,  um,  unwilling. 

invoco,  1.  call  on,  invoke. 

ipse,  ipsa,  ipsum,  self. 

ira,  ae,  anger. 

Iratus,  a,  um,  angry,  in  anger. 

irritus,  a,  um  {not  valid),ofno  avail. 

irrump5,  3.  rupi,  ruptum,  burst 
into,  come  down  upon,  make  in- 
road. 

is,  ea,  id,  he,  she,  it;  that. 

iste,  ista,  istud,  that  {of  yours). 

ita,  so  ;  non  ita,  not  so,  not  quite. 

itaque,  and  so,  consequently. 

iter,  itineris,  n.,  way,  journey,  road, 
route. 

iterum,  again. 


JaceO,  2.  ui,  — ,  lie  {prostrate). 
jacio,  3.  jeci,  jactum,  throw. 
jacto,  1.  toss,  brag  of. 
jam,  already,  by  this  time,  now,anon. 
Jaso,  5nis,  Jason,  a  hero. 
jubeo,  2.  jussi,  jussum,  bid,  order. 
jucundus,  a,  um,  pleasant,  sweet, 

amusing. 
judex,  icis,  judge,  juryman. 
judicium,    i,    sentence,   judgment, 

court,  trial. 


190 


LATIK   PRIMER. 


^udicQ,  1.  Judge,  think. 
jugulo,  1.  cut  the  throat,  murder. 
jungo,  3.  junxij  junctum.-,  Join,  form 
Juno,  5nis,  consort  of  Jupiter. 
Juppiter,  Jo  vis,  supreme  god. 
jus,  juris,  n.,  right,  court. 
juvenis,  is,  youth  {young  man). 
juventus,  utis,  f.,  youth  {period  of 
life). 


Labor,  oris,  m.,  toil,  labor. 

labors,  1.  toil,  strain,  suffer,  worh 
hard.      _  \^Sparta. 

Lacedaemo,     bnis,     Lacedaemon, 

Lacedaemonii,  orum,  Lacedae- 
monians. 

Laco,  onis,  Lacedaemonian. 

lacrima,  ae,  tear. 

lacrimo,  1.  weep. 

lacus,  us,  lake. 

laedo,  3.  si,  sum,  wound,  insult. 

laetus,  a,  um,  glad.  Joyful.       [left. 

laevus,  a,  um,  left;   laeva,  to  the 

lambo,  3.  Iambi,  — ,  lick. 

lamentor,  1.  make  lamentation. 

laniatus,  us,  mangling. 

laqueus,  i,  snare,  toils. 

latebra,  ae,  hiding  place.      [places. 

latebrosus,  a,  um,  full  of  hiding 

lateo,  2.  ui,  — ,  to  lie  hid. 

latibulum,  i,  covert,  den. 

latratus,  us,  harking. 

Iatr5,  5nis,  rohher. 

latrunculus,  i,  piece  {at  draughts). 

latus,  a,  um,  hroad. 

laudo,  1.  praise. 

laus,  laudis,  f.,  praise.  [read. 

lego,  3.  legi,  lectum,  gather,  choose, 

leuiter,  gently. 

leo,  onis,  lion. 

levis,  e,  light,  slight. 

levo,  1.  lighten,  alleviate,  relieve. 

lex,  legis,  1,  law,  condition. 

libenter,  willingly  ;  libenter  ludi- 
ficor,  I  like  to  fool. 

liber,  bri,  hook. 

liberator,  oris,  liberator. 

iibero^  1.  set  free. 

libertas,  atis,  f  ,  freedom. 

libet,  it  pleases,  you  would  like. 

ligo,  onis,  m.,  mattock. 


ligneus,  a,  um,  wooden,  of  wood. 
lignum,  i,  wood,  log. 
limus,  i,  mud. 
lingua,  ae,  to7igue. 
linteum,  i,  linen  cloth. 
litigd,  1.  contend,  wrangle. 
litus,  oris,  n.,  shore. 
loco,  1.  let.  [(of  a  book). 

locus,  i,  place,  opportundy,  passage 
longitude,  inis,  f.,  length.  [far, 
longus,  a,  um,  long;  adv.,  longe, 
loquor,  3.  locutus  sum,  speak,  talk. 
15rum,   i,    thong;    loris   caedere, 

thrash. 
lucrum,  i,  gain,  profit. 
luctor,  1.  wrestle. 
Iud5,  3.  lusi,  lusum,  play,  mock. 
Iuge5,  2.  luxi,  — ,  mourn. 
lupus,  i,  wolf. 
luscinia,  ae,  nightingale. 
lux,  lucis,  f.,  light  (of  day)  ;  1.  cla- 

rissima,  broad  day ;  prima  luce 

at  dawn,  daybreak. 

M. 

M.  =  Marcus. 

magis,  more,  rather. 
magister,  tri,  teacher. 
magistratus,  us,  magistracy,  official, 

governm  e  n  t;  magistratum  gerere, 

be  in  office. 
magnanimus,  a,  um,  great-hearted. 
magnificus,    a,    um,    magnificent, 

grand.  [ness. 

magnitudo,  inis,  f.,  bigness,  great- 
magnopere,  greatly. 
magnus,  a,  um,   great,    big,  loud; 

superl.,  maximus. 
maledico,  3.  dixi,  dictum  (w,  Dat.), 

speak  evil  against,  slander. 
malo,  malle,  malui,   wish  rather, 

prefer. 
malum,  i,  apple. 
malus,  a,  um,  bad,  wicked,  evil,  poor; 

malum,   i,   an  evil ;    adv.  maloi 

badly,  ill. 
mane,  early  in  the  morning. 
mansuetus,  a,  um,  tame. 
manus,  us,  f.,  hand,  band. 
mare,  is,  n.,  sea. 
mater,  tris,  mother,  dam* 
matrona,  ae,  lady. 


VOCABULARY. — LATIK-ENGLISH. 


191 


maxime,  most,  especially. 

xnedela,  ae,  remedy,  cure,  attend- 
ance, [nursing. 

medicina,  ae,  medical  attendance, 

medicus,  i,  physician. 

medium,  i,  middle. 

medius,  a,  ixm,  middle,  intervening. 

Megara,  ae,  city  in  Greece. 

membrimi,  I,  limb,  member. 

memini,  isse  (defective  verb),  re- 
member. 

memor,  oris,  mindful. 

memoria,  ae,  memory. 

mendax,  acis,  lying ;  subst.,  linr. 

Menelaus,  i,  husband  of  Helen. 

mens,  mentis,  f,,  mind,  under- 
standing. 

mensis,  is,  m.,  month. 

mentis,  onis,  f.,  mention. 

mentior,  4.  lie,  lie  and  say. 

mentum,  i,  chin. 

mergo,  3.  mersi,  mersum,  plunge 
{under  water).  [em. 

meridianus,  a,  um,  midday,  south- 

meritum,  i,  desert. 

metuo,  3.  ui,  — ,  fear. 

metus,  us,  fear.  [my. 

meus,  a,  um  (voc.  masc,  mi),  mine, 

miles,  itis,  soldier. 

minime,  by  no  means,  no. 

ministerium,  i,  service. 

minor,  us,  less,  smaller,  decreasing; 
m.  natu,  yotmger. 

mirificus,  a,  um,  marvellous. 

minis,  a,  um,  strange,  marvellous. 

miser,  era,  erum,  wretched,  miser- 
able, sad,  poor;  adv.,  misere, 
pitifully,  sadly. 

misereor,  2.  (with  Gen.),  pity. 

miseria,  ae,  misery,  wretchedness. 

mitigo,  1.  soothe,  soften. 

mitis,  e,  mild. 

mitto,  3.  misi,  missum,  send,  loose; 
iram  mittere,  cease  to  be  angry. 

modo,  oidy  ;  non  modo — sed  etiam, 
not  only — but  also. 

modus,  i,  measure,  manner,  way. 

moenia,  iimi,  pi.,  (city)  walls. 

molestus,  a,  um,  troublesome. 

monee,  2.  remind,  advise,  warn. 

mons,  montis,  m.,  mountain. 

monstro,  1.  show. 

moribundus,  a,  imi,  dyi?ig. 


morior,  3.  mortuus  sum,  die. 
mors,  mortis,  f.,  death. 
mortifer,  era,  erum,  deadly,  fatal, 
mortuus,  a,  imi,  dead. 
mos,  moris,  m.,  custom,  way. 
motus,  iis,  movement,  motion. 
moved,    2.    movi,    motum,    move, 

excite. 
mox,  presently,  by  and  by. 
mulc5,  1.  maul. 
mulier,  eris,  woman. 
multitude,  inis,  f .,  multitude, crowd. 
multus,  a,  um,  much;  multo  post, 

long  after. 
murmur,  uris,  n.,  murmur. 
murmurs,  1.  murmur. 
mus,  muris,  c,  mouse. 
musca,  ae,  fly. 
musculus,  i,  little  mouse. 
muto,  1.  change, 
mutuus,  a,  um,  mutual. 
Mycenae,  arum,  pi. ,  city  in  Greece. 
Myndil,  orum,  Myndians. 

N. 

Nam,  namque,  for. 

nanciscor,  3.  nactus  svun,  attain. 

narro,  1.  tell. 

nascor,  3.  natus  sum,  be  born. 

uasus,  i,  nose. 

nato,  1.  sivim. 

natu,  by  birth  ;  major,  maximus  n., 
elder,  eldest;  minimus  n.,  young- 
est. 

natiira,  ae,    nature. 

naturalis,  e,  natural. 

nauta,  ae,  sailor. 

navigo,  1.  sail. 

navis,  is,  f.,  ship. 

ne,  in  order  that  not,  lest ;  ne — 
quidem,  not  even ;  -nS  =  inter, 
particle  (133). 

nee,  neque,  neither,  and  not, 

neco,  1.  Tcill,  slay. 

nego,  1.  deny,  sny  that  not. 

negdtium,  i,  business,  trouble. 

nemo,  inis,  nobody.         [of  means. 

nequaquam,  nowise,  by  no  manner 

neque,  neither,  and  not;  neque — 
neque,  neither — nor. 

Nero,  5nis,  name  of  a  dog. 

nescio,  4.  not  know. 


192 


LATIN   PRIMER. 


neuter,  tra,  trum,  neither. 
nidus,  1,  7iest. 

nihil,  nothing  ;  adv.,  not  at  all. 
nimius,  a,  um,  too  great,  excessive, 

too  much. 
nisi,  if  not,  except,  unless. 
nix,  nivis,  f.,  snoiv. 
nobilis,  e,  noble,  higJiborn,  famous. 
noceo,  2.  (with  Dat.)  do  harm. 
nodus,  i,  hiot. 

nolo,  nolle,  nolui,  he  unwilling, 
nomen,  inis,  n.,  name. 
nomino,  1.  call  by  name. 
non,  not. 
nondum,  not  yet. 
nonne,  not  9  (130). 
nonnuUi,  ae,  a,  some. 
nonus,  a,  um,  ninth. 
noscito,  1.  recog7iize. 
nosco,   3.    novi,   notum,   learn   to 

know;  novi,  pf.,  I  know. 
noster,  stra,  strum,  our. 
novus,  a,  um,  new. 
nox,  noctis,  f.,  night. 
nubo,  3.  nupsi,  nuptum  (with  Dat.), 

marry  {of  the  woman). 
nuUus,  a,  um,  none. 
num  =  inter,  particle  (see  130). 
numen,   inis,   n.,    divinity,    divine 

will. 
numero,  1.  count,  account. 
numerus,  i,  number. 
nunc,  now. 
nuntio,  1.  announce. 
nuntius,  i,  message,  news,  messenger. 
nunquam,  never.  [riage. 

nuptiae,  arum,  pi.,  wedding,  mar- 
nusquam,  nowhere. 
niitus,  lis,  nod,  wink. 
nux,  nucis,  f.,  7iut. 


O. 

Ob,  on  account  of, 

oboedio,  4.  (with  Dat.),  obey. 

obru5,  3.  rui,   riitum,    overwhelm, 

cover. 
obscurus,  a,  um,  dark,  obscure. 
obsecro,  1.  adjure. 
obsum,  esse,  fui  (w.  Dat.),  be  in  the 

way  of,  do  harm,  infure.  [tain. 
obtineo,  2.  tinui,  tentum,  hold,  ob- 
obtingo,  3.  tigi,  — ,  fall  to. 


obvius,  a,  um,  meeting. 

occasus,  us,  setting ;  solis  occasu, 
at  sunset. 

occido,  3.  cidi,  cisum,  kill,  slay. 

occurro,  3.  curri,  cursum,  run  to 
meet,  meet. 

octo,  eight. 

octogesimus,  a,  um,  eightieth. 

oculus,  i,  eye. 

offerd,  offerre,  obtuli,  oblatum,  of- 
fer, expose.  \in  the  light  of. 

officio,  3.feci,fectum  (w.  'Dsit.),stand 

officium,  i,  duty,  office,  service. 

olim,  once  on  a  time. 

omnino,  generally,  at  all. 

omnis,  e,  all. 

onus,  eris,  n.,  burden,  load. 

opera,  a.e,  pains,  trouble,  work.  Job  ; 
operam  dare,  endea'cor ;  opera, 
by  means. 

opimus,  a,  um,  rich,  fat. 

oppidum,  i,  town.  [resources. 

(ops)  opis,  f.,  poiver,  help,  riches, 

optimus,  super,  of  bonus,  excellent. 

opus,  eris,  n.,  work. 

opus  est,  is  wa?ited. 

oraculum,  i,  oracle. 

orator,  oris,  orator,  ambassador. 

ordo,  inis,  m.,  row,  rank,  order. 

Orestes,  is,  son  of  Agamemnon. 

orior,  4.  ortus  sum,  rise,  arise. 

omamentum,  i,  ornament.  Jewel. 

6m5,  1.  deck,  adorn,  dress  up. 

oro,  1.  beg,  beseech. 

OS,  oris,  n.,  mouth,  face. 

OS,  ossis,  n.,  bone. 

ostendd,  3.  ndi,  nsum,  show. 

ostento,  1.  make  a  show,  brag,  dis- 
play. 

ostium,  i,  door. 

ovis,  is,  f.,  sheep. 


Pactum,  1,  bargain,  manner,  way. 

paene,  almost. 

paenitentia,  ae,  repentance. 

palus,  udis,  i.,  swamp. 

parco,  3.  peperci,  parsum  (with 
Dat.),  spare. 

parens,  tis,  c. ,  parent. 

pareo,  2.  (with  Dat.),  obey,  be  obe- 
dient to. 


VOCABULARY. — LATIN-ENGLISH. 


193 


Pciris,  idis,  son  of  Priam. 
paro,  1.  prepare,  make  ready. 
Parrhasius,  i,  famous  painter. 
parricida,  ae,  c,  parricide. 
pars,  partis,  f.,  pari,  portion;  side 

(  =  party). 
parum,  but  little,  too  little. 
parvus,  a,  unij  small,  Utile. 
parvulus,  a,  um,  j^our,  little. 
pasco,  3.  pavi,  pastunij  feed,  graze^ 

tend;  pass.  (w.  Abl.),  cat,  feed  on, 
passer,  eris,  m.,  sparrow. 
p5stor,  oris,  herdsman,  shepherd. 
past5ralis,  e,  of  a  shepherd. 
patefacio,  3.  feci,  factum,  disclose, 

reveal. 
pater,  tris,  father. 
patior,  3.  passus  sum,  suffer. 
patria,  ae,  native  lajid. 
patro,  1 .  perform. 
paucus,  a,  um,  little,  few. 
paulatim,  little  by  little. 
paulisper,  a  little  while. 
paulo,  adv.,  a  little. 
paululum,  a  little, 
pauper,  eris,  poor, 
pavefacio,  3.  feci,  factuxnj  frighten, 
pavo,  onis,  m.,  peacock. 
pax,  pacis,  f.,  peace. 
peccatum,  i,  sm,  fault. 
pecco,  1.  do  wrong. 
pectus,  oris,  n.,  breast. 
pecunia,  ae,  money. 
Peleus,  i,  a  hero. 
pellis,  is,  f,,  skin,  fleece. 
pell5,  3.    pepuli,    pulsum,    drive, 

drive  away,  banish. 
Pelops,  is,  son  of  Tantalus. 
pendeo,  3.  pependl,  — ,  hang,    be 

suspejided. 
penitus,  thoroughly. 
penna,  ae,  feather. 
per,  through. 

percussor,  5ris,  murderer^  assassin. 
percutio,  3.  cussi,   cussum,  strike 

through,  stab,  smite,  kill,  puncJi. 
perdifficilis,  e,  very  hard  (to  do). 
perdo,  3.  didi,  ditum,  ruin,  undo, 

lose. 
peregrinus,  a,  um,  foreign  ;  subst., 

foreigner. 
perfero,   perferre,   pertuli,  perla- 

tum,  carry  {all  the  way),  endure. 
9 


perficio,  3.  feci,  fectum,  completCy 

achieve. 
perfidus,  a,  um,  treacherous. 
perforo,  1.  pierce  through,  transfix. 
periclitor,  1.  expose  oneself  to  dan- 
ger^ to  be  in  jeopardy. 
periculum,  i,  danger. 
permagnus,  a,  um,  vei-y  great, 
permetior,  4.  mensus  sum,  meas- 

lire,  traverse. 
permulceo,    2.      mulsl,     mulsum, 

stroke. 
Persa,  ae,  Persian. 
perseverd,  1.  persevere,  insist. 
perspicio,  3.   spexi,  spectum,  see 

through,  info. 
persuadeo,   2.    suasi,   suasrun  (w. 

Dat.),  persuade,  convince. 
pertaedet,  pertaesum  est,  it  tires. 
perterreo,  2,  frighten  thoroughly. 
pertineo,  2.  ui,  — ,  exteiid,  pertain, 
pervenie,  4.  veni,  ventum,  arrive, 
pes,  pedis,  m.,foot,  paiv. 
pet5,  3.  petivi,   petitum,  aim  at, 

beg,  go  after,  seek. 
petulans,  ntis,  saucy,  petulant. 
phasianus,  i,  pheasant. 
philosophus,  l^  philosopher. 
Phylax,  Scis  {Greek  for  '*guard")i 

name  of  a  dog. 
pictor,  oAs,  pa  inter. 
pictiira,  ae,  painting. 
piger,  gra,  um,  lazy. 
pigritia,  ae,  laziness. 
pingOj  3.  pinxi,  pictum,  paint. 
piscis,  is,  m.,  fish. 
Piso,  onis,  a  Roman  proconsul, 
placed,  2.  (with  Dat.),  please,  suit. 
placidus,  a,  um,  qiiiet,  calm. 
placo,  1.  appease. 
plaga,  ae,  blow,  wound. 
plaustrum,  i,  wagon. 
plebs,  plebis,  f.,  common  people. 
plus,  pliiris,  inore  ;  plures,  several. 
poculum,  i,  cup. 
poena,    ae,  piinisJiment,    penalty; 

poenas  dare,  be  punished. 
poeta,  ae,  poet. 
pomum,  i,  apple,  fruit. 
pono,  3.  posui,  positum,  put,  place, 

lay  down,  lay  aside  {dismiss), 
pons,  pontis,  m.,  bridge. 
populus,  i,  people. 


194 


LATIK    PRIMER. 


porrigo,    3.    porrexi,    porrectum, 

reach  forth,  extend,  hand. 

porta,  ae,  gate. 

porto,  1.  carry. 

possum,  posse,  potui,  can,  be  able. 

post,  prep.,  after,  behind;  adv., 
afterwar'ds. 

postea,  after  (that),  afterwards. 

poster!,  drum,  posterity  ;  in  poste- 
rum,  for  the  future. 

posterior,  ius,  after,  later  ;  postre- 
mo,  finally. 

postquam,  posteaquam,  after. 

postridie,  the  next  day. 

postulo,  1.  claim,  demand. 

praebeo,  2.  present,  show,  furnish, 
pro'vide,  lend. 

praecipio,  3.  cepi,  ceptum,  pre- 
scribe, give  instructions. 

praeda,  ae,  booty,  prey. 

praedico,  1.  boast,  extol,  cry  up. 

praedo,  onis,  robber. 

praemiimi,  i,  reward. 

praeses,  idis,  president,  chief. 

praesto,  1.  stiti,  — ,  excel,  perform. 

praesto,  adv.,  at  hand;  praesto 
esse  (with  Dat.),  present  one- 
self to,  meet. 

praeter,  prep.,  beside,  against,  con- 
trary to,  above. 

praeterea,  besides. 

praetereo,  ire,  ii,  itum,  pass  by. 

pratum,  i,  meadow. 

preces,  um,  pi.,  f.,  prayer. 

premo,  3.  pressi,  pressum,  press 
{hard). 

pretiosus,  a,  um,  costly. 

Priamus,  i.  King  of  Troy. 

Priene,  es,  city  in  Asia  Minor, 
home  of  Bias. 

primus,  a,  um,  first ;  primum,  the 
first  time  ;  primo,  at  first. 

princeps,  ipis,  first,  chief,  head 
man,  prince. 

prior,  prius,  former,  before. 

priusquam,  before,  sooner. 

pro,  fm%  instead  of,  in  behalf  of. 

pro,  interj.,  oh!  ah! 

probitas,  atis,  f.,  honesty,  upright- 
ness. 

proba,  1.  approve,  prove. 

probus,  a,  um,  honest,  upright; 
probe,  well,  thoroughly. 


procedo,  3.    cessi,  cessum,  to  step 

fortJi,  advance. 
proconsul,  is,  proconsul. 
procul,  at  a  distance. 
procurro,   3.    curri,   cursum,   run, 

forward,  ahead. 
prodo,  3.  didi,  ditum,  betray ;  me- 

moria    pr 5  ditum  est,  there  is  a 

tradition. 
proferd,   ferre,  tuli,   latum,   bring 

forth,  put  forth. 
proficio,   3.    feci,    fectum,    accom- 
plish, do  good.  [march. 
proficiscor,  3.  fectus  sum,  set  out, 
profugio,    3.    fugi,     fugitum,    flee 

(away). 
profundus,  a,  um,  deep. 
progenies,  ei,  descendants. 
prohibeo,  2.  hinder,  keep  from. 
projicio  (proicio),  3.  jeci,  jectum, 

cast  forth,  fling. 
promitto,  3.  misi,  missum,  promise. 
promptus,  a,  um,  ready  ;  in  lingua 

promptum,  at  the  tongue's  end. 
prope,  adv.,  7iear,  nearly,  almost; 

prep.,  hard  by,  near. 
propere,  hastily,  in  haste,  speedily. 
propono,   3.    posui,  positum,  pro- 
pose, exhibit. 
propter,  adv.,  hard  by ;  prep.,  on 

account  of. 
prosterno,     3.      stravi,     stratum, 

throw  flat. 
prdsum,    prodesse,    profui     (with 

Dat. ),  do  good. 
protinus,  forthwith. 
providus,  a,  um,  foresighted. 
provincia,  ae,  province. 
proximus,  a,  um,  next. 


prudens,  ntis,  wise. 


» 


puber,  eris,  marriageable,  of  puber- 

puella,  ae,  girl. 

puer,  eri,  boy  ;  puerulus,  baby  boy, 

pugio,  onis,  m.,  dagger. 

pugna,  ae,  fight,  battle. 

pugno,  1.  fight. 

pulcher,   chra,   chrum,   beautiful^ 

fine. 
pulchritude,  inis,  f . ,  beauty. 
puto,  1.  think,  suppose. 
Fylades,  is,  friend  of  Orestes. 
Pythius,    i,    the    Pythian,    i.    e., 

Apollo,  god  of  Prophecy. 


VOCABULARY. — LATIN-ENGLISH. 


195 


Q. 

Quaero,    3.    quaesivl,   quaesitum, 

ask,  seek,  search. 
quaes5,  prithee. 
quam,  <is,  how,  titan, 
quanquam,  although. 
quanto — tanto,  by  as  much  as — by 

so  much;  the — the.  [as. 

quantus,  a,  um,  how  much,  as  much 
quare,  wfiy. 
quartus,  a,  xinif  fourth. 
quasi,  as  if,  as  it  were. 
quatid,  3.  (quassi),  quassum,  shake. 
quattuor,  four. 
-que,  ami. 

querela,  ae,  complaint. 
qui,  quae,  quod,  icho,  which. 
qui,  how. 
quia,  because. 
quidam,       quaedam,        quoddam 

(quiddam),  a  certain,  a. 
quidenij  true,  indeed,  at  any  rate  ; 

ne — quidem,  7wt  even.         [sleep. 
qiiiesco,  3.   quievi,  quietum,  rest, 
quietus,  a,  um,  quiet. 
quippe,  for.  [why  ? 

quis  ?  quid  ?    who  ?  what  ?  quid  ? 
quia,  qua,  quid,  any.  [pray  ? 

quisnam,    quidnam,    who  9    what, 
quisquam,  quidquam,  any  at  all. 
quisque,   quaeque,    quidque    and 

quodque,  each. 
qui  vis,  quaevis,  quidvLs  (quodvis), 

a7iy  one  you  please. 
quod,  because,  that,  in  that. 
quomodo,  how. 
quoniam,  since,  as  indeed. 
quoque  (postpositive),  also. 
quot,  how  many. 
quotidianus,  a,  um,  daily. 
quotidie  (cotidie),  daily. 


R. 

Rad5^  3.  rasi,  rasum,  scrape,  shave. 

ramosus,  a,  um,  branchy. 

rana,  ae,  frog. 

rapidus,  a,  um,  rapid. 

ratus,  a,  um,  thinking. 

recedo,  3.  cessi,  cessum,  ivithdraw, 

retreat,  recede. 
recipio,  3.  cepi,  ceptum,  take  back. 


get  back,  undertake,  receive;  sS 

recipere,  withdraw. 
recito,  1.  read  aloud,  recite. 
recognitio,  onis,  f  ,  recognition. 
reconcilio,   1.    restore,    gain,    win 

back,  reconcile.  [hide. 

recondo,    3.    condidi,    conditum, 
recte,  rightly. 
recubo,  1.  — ,  lie,  recline. 
recumbo,    3.    cubui,    cubitum,   lie 

back,  down  again,  recline. 
recupero,  1.  recover. 
recuse,  1.  refuse. 
reddo,  3.  reddidi,  redditum,  give 

back,  render,  restore,  return,  re- 
peat. 
redeo,  ire,  ii,  itum,  rettirn. 
reditus,  us,  return. 
redux,  ducis,  returned. 
refero,   referre,    rettuli,   relatum, 
•    bring  back,  refer,  report. 
regalis,  e,  royal,  regal. 
regius,  a,  um,  royal. 
rSgno,  1.  reign.  [ion. 

regnum,  i,  kingdom,  throne,  domin- 
rejicid  (reicio),  3.  jeci,  jectum,  re- 
ject, throw  back. 
relinquOj  3.  liqui,  lictum,  leave. 
reliquus,  a,  um,  remaining,  rest  (of). 
remedium,  i,  remedy. 
remotus,  a,  um,  remote. 
removed,  2.  movi,  motum,  remove. 
repente,  suddenly. 
reperio,  4.  repperi,  repertum,  find. 
repeto,  3.  petivi,  petitum,  repeat, 

fetch  back.  [task,  rebuke. 

reprehend©,  ndi,  nsum,  3.   take  to 
reputo,  1.  take  into  consideration, 

think  over. 
reqiuro,  3.    quisivl,   quisltum,    to 

seek  again,  require,  hunt  up.  ask. 
res,  rei,  thing ;  re  vera,  in  truth. 
respondeo,    2.    spondi,    sp5nsum, 

answer. 
responsum,  X,  answer. 
respublica,   reipublicae,  republic, 

commonwealth. 
restituo,  3.  ui,  utum,  restore,  right. 
rests,  1.  stiti,  — ,  remain. 
retrorsum,  backward. 
revello,  3.  velli  (vulsi),   vulsum, 

pluck  off,  up.  [sum),  return. 

revertorj     3.     reverti     (reversus 


196 


LATIN^    PRIMER. 


revincio,  4.  vinxi,  vinctum,  tie. 

revoco,  1.  recall. 

rex,  regiSj  king. 

Rhodus,  i,  f.,  Rhodes,  island  in  the 
Aegean  ISea;  Rhodii,  orum, 
Rhodians. 

rideo,  2.  risi,  risum,  laugh  {at). 

ridiculus,  a,  um,  ridiculous,  laugh- 
able. 

ripa,  ae,  hank. 

risus,  us,  laughter. 

ritus,  us,  use,  custom,  fashion. 

rivulus,  i,  brook. 

rixa,  ae,  quarrel. 

rixor,  1.  quarrel,  squabble. 

rodo,  3.  rosi,  rosum,  gnaw. 

rogo,  1.  ask. 

rdstrum,  i,  beak. 

ruber,  bra,  brum,  red. 

rudo,  3.  ivi,  itum,  roar,  bray. 

rus,  ruris,  n.,  country;  rus,  into 
the  country  ;  rure,  from  the  coun- 
try ;  ruri(e),  in  the  country. 

rusticusj  a,  um,  rustic;  subst., 
countryman,  peasant. 


Sacer,  era,   crum,   sacred;    sacra 

facere,   sacrifice;    Sacer   M5ns, 

Sacred  Mount. 
sacerdos,  otis,  c,  priest,  priestess. 
saepe,  often;  comp.,  saepius. 
saevid,  4.   rage,  be  rampant,   run 

wild,  not. 
sagitta,  aej  arrow. 
salio,  4,  salui,  saltum,  leap. 
salt5,  1.  leap,  dance. 
saltus,  us,  leap.  [ty, 

salus,  utis,  f.,  ivelfare,  rescue,  safe- 
saluto,  1.  salute. 
salve,  hail,  {how  d'ye). 
sanguis,  inis,  m.,  blood. 
sanies,  ei,  matter,  venom,  slaver. 
sapiens,     ntis,     wise  ;     sapienter, 

wisely. 
sapientia,  ae,  wisdom. 
satis )  enough  ;  satius,  better. 
schola,  ae,  school. 
scio,  4  know. 

scribo,  3.  scrips!,  scriptum,  write. 
Scytha,  ae,  Scythiaii. 
secedo,  3.  cessi,  cessum,  withdraw. 


securis,  is  (aec.  im.),  f.,  axe. 

sed,  but. 

sedeo,  3.  sedi,  sessum,  sit. 

seditio,  onis,  f.,  sedition. 

segnis,  e,  sluggish. 

semper,  always. 

sempiternus,  a,  um,  eternal. 

senectus,  utis,  f.,  old  age. 

senex,  senis,  old  man. 

sensim,  gradually. 

sentio,  4.  sensi,  sensum, /^eZ,  per' 
ceive,  be  aivare  of. 

sermo,  onis,  m.,  speech,  conversa- 
tio?i,  language. 

sero,  late,  too  late. 

serus,  a,  um,  late,  too  late. 

servio,  4.  (with  Dat.),  be  a  slave  to, 

servo,  1.  preserve,  save,  keep. 

servus,  i,  slave. 

sestertius,  i,  sesterce. 

seu  (sive),  or. 

severus,  a,  um,  stern. 

SI,  if, 

sic,  so. 

sicco,  1.  dry. 

significo,  1.  signify.         [standard. 

signum,    i,    sign,     image,     statue, 

sileo,  2.  ui,  — ,  be  silent. 

silva,  ae,  wood,  forest.        [majiner. 

similis,  e,  like ;  similiter,   in  like 

simius,  i,  monkey,  ape. 

Simonides,  is,  a  famous  poet. 

simul,  at  the  same  time;  simulac, 
atque,  as  soon  as. 

simulo,  1.  feign,  make  believe,  sham. 

sine,  without. 

singuli,  ae,  a,  each,  one  by  one. 

sinister,  tra,  trum,  left. 

sin5,  3.  sivi,  situm,  alloiv. 

sitio,  4.  thirst. 

situs,  a.}  um,  situated. 

sive  (seu),  or. 

societas,  atis,  f . ,  partnership. 

socius,  i,  partner,  companion,  ally. 

sodalis,  is,  c,  compajiion. 

s51,  is,  m.,  sun,  sunshine. 

soleo,  2.  solitus  sum,  be  accustom- 
ed, in  the  habit. 

solitiido,  inis,  f.,  solitude,  solitary 
place,  wilderness. 

solium,  i,  throne. 

Solo,  onis,  Solon,  Athenian  law- 
giver and  sage. 


VOCABULARY. — LATIN-ENGLISH. 


197 


solus,  a,  um,  alone. 

solvo,   3.   solvi,   solutum,    loosen, 

cast  off,  pay. 

somnium,  i,  dream.  [dream. 

somnus,  i,  sleep;  in  somnis,  in  a 

sonitus,  us, )  „  ,,^  , 
J      '  !■  sound. 
sonus,  1,       \ 

soror,  5ris,  sister.  [scatter. 

spargo,  3.  sparsi,  sparsum,  sprinkle, 

Sparta,  ae,  Sparta. 

Spartanus,  a,  um,  Spartan. 

spatium,  i,  sjyace. 

spectator,  oris,  beholder. 

8pect5,  1.  behold,  look  at,  to,  look 
and  see. 

specus,  us,  cave. 

spelunca,  ae,  cave, 

spero,  1.  hope. 

spes,  ei,  hope. 

sponte  (sua),  of  one*s  own  accord. 

stabulum,  i,  stall,  roost,  house. 

stagnum,  i,  po7id.  [once. 

statim,  immediately,  forthwith,   at 

stercus,  oris,  n.,  dung.  [head. 

stipes,  itis,  m.  {stake,  stick),  btock- 

stirps,  pis,  f.  {stock),  splinter. 

8t5,  1.  steti  (staturus),  stand. 

stolidus,  a,  um,  stupid. 

stultitia,  ae,  folly.  [pid. 

stultus,  a,  um  (dull),  foolish,  stu- 

stupidus,  a,  um,  stupicf. 

sturnus,  i,  starling. 

suadeo,  2.  suasi,  suasum,  advise. 

suavis,  e^  sweet,  pleasant ;  suaviter, 
adv. 

sub,  under,  near.  [ashore. 

subduco,  3.  duxi,  ductum,  haul  up, 

subinde,  immediately,  thereupon, 
from  lime  to  time.  [adv. 

subitus,   a,    um,    sudden;    subito, 

subjicio  (subicio),  3.  jeci,  jectum, 
subject,  add,  rejoin. 

subvenio,  4.  veni,  ventum  (w. 
Dat.),  come  to  aid  of. 

suffocd,  1.  throttle,  choke,  drown. 

suffiragium,  i,  vote. 

suggero,  3.  gessi,  gestiun,  supply, 
bring  a  supply  of. 

summus,  a,  um,  highest,  top,  great- 
est, chief,  supreme;  summa 
aqua,  surface  of  the  water. 

sumo,  3.  sumpsi,  sumptiun,  take 
{take  on  oneself),  undertake. 


super,  prep.,  over,  above,  about. 
superbus,  a,  um,  proud,  haughty. 
superior,  us,  upper,  having  the  up- 
per hand. 
supero,  1,  surpass,  overcome. 
suppliciter,  suppliantly. 
supplicium,  I,  punishment  {capital), 

execution,  death  ;  supplicio  affi- 

cere,  put  to  death. 
supra,  adv.,  above,  on  the  top  ;  prep., 

above,  over.  . 
surgo,  3.  surrexi,  siirrectum,  rise, 

get  up.  ., 

surripio,   3.   ripui,   reptum,    filch, 

steal. 
saspendo,  3.  pendi,  pensum,  hang 

up,  hold  hanging,  suspend. 
suspicio,  onis,  f.,  suspicion. 
suspirium,  i,  sigh. 
suus,  a,  um,  his,  her,  its  {own),  of 

his,  her,  its  own. 


T. 

Tabema,  ae,  in7i. 
tabesco,  3.  tabui,  — ,  pine  away. 
tabula,  ae,  tablet;  t.  pict a.,  picture. 
taciturnitas,  atis,  f.,  silence,  mum- 

ness. 
tacitumus,  a,  lun,  taciturn. 
talis,  e,  such. 
tam,  so. 

tamen,  nevertheless,  yet. 
tandem,  at  length ;  pray. 
tango,  3.  tetigi,  tacttmi,  touch, 
tanquam,  as  if. 
tantum,  tantummodo,  only. 
tantus,  a,  um,  so  great,  so  much. 
taurus,  i,  bull. 

tectum,  i,  roof,  house,  dwelling. 
tegd,  3.  texi,  tectum,  cover. 
temere,  rashly,  without  thinking. 
temperantia,  ae,  moderation,  self' 

control. 
tempestas,  atis,  f.,  season,  weather, 

storm. 
templum,  i,  temple. 
tempus,  oris,  n.,  time;  t.  adver- 

sum,  adversity. 
tenax,  acis,  tenacious,  tough. 
tened,  2.  ui,  tentum,  hold  ;  memo- 

ria  t.,  remember. 


198 


LATIK   PEIMER. 


tento,  1.  try,  put  to  test. 
tenuis,  e,  thin,  slight,  trifling. 
terra,  ae,  earth,  land. 
terreo,  2.  frighten,  scare. 
terrificus,  a,  um,  terrific,  dreadful. 
tertius,    a,    um,    third;    tertium, 

third  time. 
testamentum,  i,  icill. 
testimonium,  i,  tvitness;  t.  dicere, 

bear  witness. 
testis,  isj  c,  witness. 
thesaurus,  i,  treasure,  treasury. 
Thetis,  idis,  mother  of  Achilles. 
Thras5,  onis,  a  braggart. 
timeo,  2.  ui,  — ,  fear. 
timidus;  a,  um,  fearful,  timid. 
timor,  oris,  m. ,  fear. 
tintinnabulum,  i,  bell. 
tollo,  3.  sustiili,  sublatum,  lift  up, 

extol,  elevate,  take  away,  set  up, 

take  up. 
torreo,  2.  torrui,  tostiun,  parch. 
tot,  60  many. 
totus,  a,  um,  whole. 
tracto,  1.  handle,  feel,  paw,  treat. 
trad5,  3.    didi,  ditum,  hand  over, 

deliver,  hand  down. 
traho,    3.    traxi,    tractum,    draw, 

drag,  detain  ;  bellum  t.,  prolong 

ivar. 
trajicio,   3.    (transy.)j  jecl,  jectum, 

put,  throw  across,  cross,  stab. 
tranquillitas,  atis,  f,,  calm,  calm- 
ness. 
trans,  prep.,  w.  Ace,  over,  across. 
transeo,  4.  ii,  itum,  cross,  pass  by. 
transport©,  1,  carry  across,  over. 
trepido,  1.  be  agitated,  frightened. 
tres,  tria,  three. 
tribunus,  i,  tribune. 
tribuo,  3.  ui,  utum,  award. 
triduum,  i  (space  of)  three  days. 
triennium,  i  {space  of)  three  years. 
Troja,  ae,  Troy. 
Trojanus,  a,  um,  Trojan. 
truncus,  i,  trunk,  log. 
tueor,  2.  tuitus  (tutatus)  sum  (136), 

behold,  protect. 
tum,  tunc,  then. 
turba,  ae,  disturbance,  crowd. 
tilt  us,  a,  um,  safe. 
tuus,  a,  um,  thine. 
tyr annus,  i,  tyrant. 


UbI,  where,  ivhen,  if. 

ubique,  everywhere, 

ulciscor,  3.  ultus  sum,  take  (one's) 

vengeance  on,  avenge. 
ullus,  a,  um,  any. 
ultimus,  a,  um,  last. 
ultra,  beyond. 
umbra,  ae,  shade,  shadow. 
umbraculum,  i,  shady  place. 
umerus,  i,  shoulder. 
una,  together. 
unda,  ae,  wave. 
unde,  ivhence. 

unguis,  is,  m.,  nail,  claw,  talon. 
linicus,  a,  um,  only. 
unquam,  ever. 
unus,  a,  um,  one,  only. 
urbs,  urbis,  f,,  city. 
uro,  3,  ussi,  ustum,  bum. 
ursus,  i,  bear. 
usque  (ad.),  until. 
ut,  uti,  how,  as  ;  that,  in  order  that. 
uter,  tra,  trum,  which  of  the  two. 
uterque,  utraque,  utrumquc,  eitherf 

both. 
utilis,  e,  useful. 
utinam,  would  that,  see  92,  3. 
utor,  3.  usus   sum  (w.  Abl),  use^ 

avail  oneself  of,  enjoy,  have. 
uva,  ae,  grape. 
uxor,  oris,  wife. 


Vacca,  ae,  cow. 

valeo,    2.    be    well,    strong;   vale 

(imper.),  farewell. 
vaiidus,  a,  um,  strong. 
vanus,  a,  um,  vain. 
vehemens,  ntis,  violent;  adv.,  ve- 

hementer,      soundly,      violently, 

sore.  [pass.,  ride,  drive. 

veho,    3.    vexi,    vecttun,    carry ; 
vel,  or,  even. 

vel5x,  ociSj  fleet.        [cere,  to  hunt. 
venatio,  onis,  f . ,  hunt  ;  v-m  exer- 
venator,  oris,  hunter. 
venenum,  i,  poison,  venom. 
venia,  ae,  permission, pardon  ;  ve- 

niam  dare,  forgive. 
venid,  4.  veni,  ventum,  come. 
venor,  1.  hunt,  catch. 


C^^Zt^c^^^^^ 


VOCABULARY.  — ENGLISH-LATIN. 


199 


venter,  tris,  m.,  heUy. 

Venus,  eris,  goddess  of  Love. 

verbera,  um,  pi.,  blows. 

verbero,  1.  Insh,  flog. 

verbum,  i,  word. 

vero,  truly,  indeed ;  hut. 

verus,  a,  um,  true;  — re  vera, 
really,  in  truth. 

vesperasco,  3.  vesperavi,  — ,  be- 
come evening. 

vespertllio,  onis,  m.,  hat. 

vestigium,  i,  trace,  track,  footprint. 

vestis,  is,  f.,  clothing,  dress,  gar- 
ment. 

veto,  1.  ui,  itum,  forbid. 

vetulus,  i,  {poor)  old  man  ;  vetula, 
ae,  old  crone. 

vetus,  eris,  old. 

via,  ae,  way. 

viator,  oris,  wayfarer,  traveller. 

vicesimus,  a,  um,  twentieth. 

vicinus,  i,  neighbor, 

victor,  oris,  m.,  conqueror. 

victoria,  ae,  victory. 

victus,  us,  food,  mode  of  living. 

vicus,  i,  village. 

videlicet,  to  wit,  yon  see. 

video,  2.  vidi,  visvmi,  see;  pass., 
seem,  appear. 

vigeo,  2.  ui,  — ,  be  strong. 

viginti,  twenty. 

vincio,  4.  vinxi,  vinctum,  hind. 

vinco,  3.  vici,  victum,  conquer, 
overcome,  vanquish. 


vindico,  1.  claim,  save. 

vir,  viri,  man,  husband. 

virga,  ae,  rod. 

virgo,  inis,  virgin. 

virgula,  ae  ^fr.  virga),  rod. 

virtiiS;  virtutis,  f ,  manliness,  brave- 
ry, virtue,  inorth. 

vis,  viSj  f.,  force,  violence,  quantity; 
pL,  vires,  virium,  strength^ 
forces  ;  vim  inferre,  violate. 

visito,  1.  visit. 

visum,  i,  vision. 

vita,  ae,  life. 

vito,  1.  avoid. 

vitupero,  1.  blame,  abuse. 

vivo,  3.  vixi,  victum,  live. 

vivus,  a,  um,  tiling,  alive. 

vix,  scarcely,  hardly. 

voco,  1.  call,  bid,  invite. 

volo,  velle,  volui,  will,  vnsh,  toant. 

vol5,  1.  fly. 

volucris,  is,  m.  and  f.,  bird. 

voluptas,  atis,  f.,  pleasure. 

vox,  vocis,  f.,  voice. 

vulnus,  eris,  n.,  wound. 

vulpes,  is,  f.,  fox. 

vultur,  uris,  m.,  vulture. 

vultus,  us,  countenance. 


Z. 


Zeuxis,    is    (Ace.    in),    a   famous 
painter. 


II.— ENGLISH-LATIN. 


Numerals  refer  to  the  sections. 


Able  to  be,  possum. 

about,  de,  w.  Abl. 

abuse,  mated icere,   113,  2;  vitupe- 

rOrc.    Siibst.,  conv'icium,  i. 
account,  on  a.  of.  propter,  w.  Ace. 
accustomed   to  be,   sol  ere ;   Perf., 

solifus  sum. 
admire,  admirari. 
admit,  concedere,  admitlere,  114, 2. 


admonish,  mojiere,  admonere. 
advantage,  commodum,  I. 
advice,  cfinsilium,  i. 
affirm,  affirmare. 
after,  post,  prep.  w.  Ace. 
afterwards,  post,  posteH. 
again,  iterum. 
aid,  auxilium,  'i. 
air,  der,  a  eris,  m. 
Alexander,  Alexander,  drl. 
i  all,  omnia,  e  ;  cimctus,  a,  um. 


200 


LATIK   PRIMEK. 


alone,  solus,  a,  urn,  85. 

already,  Jam. 

also,  qtioque  (postpositive). 

altar,  «ra,  ae. 

always,  semper. 

am,  sum. 

ancient,  ant'iquus,  a,  um. 

and,  et,  -que,  atque.  [Irdscl. 

angry,  Irdtus,  a,  um ;  get    angry, 

animal,  animal,  is,  n.  ;  bestia,  ae. 

another,  alius,  alter,  85. 

answer,  respondere,  120,  2. 

any,  ullus,  a,  um,  85  ;   qulvls  (any 

you   choose),    quisquam    (any  at 

all),  129. 
apple,  malum,  I ;  pcmium,  i. 
approach  to,  appropinqulre  ;  acce- 

dere,  114^  2  (ad  w.  Ace). 
arms,  arma,  drum,  n.  pi. 
army,  exercitus,  lis. 
arrange,  cfmsliliiere,  115. 
arrival,  adventus,  lis. 
arrow,  sagitta,  ae. 
art,  ars,  artis,  i. 
artist,  ariifex,  ids. 
as  (  =  since),  cum,  96,  2. 
ashes,  cinis,  eris,  m. 
ask  (ask  for),  petere,  120,  3;  rogdre, 

postuldre ;     (question),    quaerere, 

120,  3,  interrogdre. 
ass,  asinus,  I ;  asellus,  l. 
Athenian,  Atheniensis,  e. 
Athens,  Athenae,  drum,  pi. 
attach,  annedere,  113,  2. 
attack,  impetus,  lis. 
augur,  augur,  is. 
author,  auctor,  oris. 
avoid,  vltdre,  ev'ddre. 
award,  trihuere,  115. 
aware,  conscius,  a,  um. 
axe,  securis,  is  (Ace.  im),  t. 

B. 

Baby,  Infdns,  lis,  c. 

back,  dorsum,  I. 

backward,  retrorsum. 

bad,  malus,  a,  um  ;  improhus,  a,  um. 

bark  at,  allatrdre,  w.  Ace. 

bat,  vesper tdiij,  onis,  m. 

battle,  pugna,  ae  ;  a^cies,  ei  (line  of 

battle). 
be,  esse. 


bear  to,  ferre,  150,  (carrj)  porfdre  ; 

(endure)  perferre. 
beast,  bestia,   ae ;  belua,  ae  (great 

beast). 
beat,  verberdre. 
beautiful,   pulcher,     chra,    chrum, 

formOsus,  a,  um. 
because,  quod,  quia. 
bed,  lectus,  I. 
before,  ante,  prep.  w.  Ace. 
beg,  drdre,  rogdre,  petere,  120,  3. 
begin,  incipere,  112,  1  ;  coepisse. 
believe,  credere,  115. 
bell,  tintinndbulum,  I.         [113,  2. 
bell    to,    tintinndbulum  annedere, 
hend,  fledere,  113,  2. 
besiege,  obsidere,  120,  2. 
best,  optimus,  a,  um. 
hetray-j  prodere,  115. 
between,  infer,  w.  Ace. 
bird,  avis,  is,  t. 

biting  (sharp),  deer,  dcris,  acre. 
bitter,  amdrus,  a,  um. 
blame,  reprehendere,  114,  1,   viiu- 

perdre.  [m.  (b.  shed), 

blood,  sanguis,  inis,  m. ;  cruor,  oris, 
blows,  verbera,  um,  n.  pi. 
boast,  gldridrl,  jadHre,  praedicdre, 
body,  corpus,  oris,  n. 
bone,  OS,  ossis,  n. 
book,  liber,  br'i,  m. 
hooty,  praeda,  ae.  [ndtus, 

born  to   be,  ridscl,  136,   3  ;  born, 
hoy  J  puer,  I;  little  h.,  puerulus,  i. 
braggart,  Thraso,  onis. 
brave,  fortis,  e. 
bravery,  fortitudo,  inis,  t. 
breeze,  aura,  ae. 
bridge,  pans,  lis,  m. 
bring,  ferre,    150,   a  ferre,    appor- 

tare ;    addiwere,    li3,    2    (lead); 

bring  back,    referre;   bring  up, 

efferre  ;   Iducdre  (educate). 
broad,    Idlus,    a,    um ;   broad  day, 

cldrissima  lux. 
brother,  frdter,  tris. 
bull,  taurus,  l. 
burden,  onus,  eris,  n. 
but,  sed;  autem  (postpositive),  ve- 

rum,   at;  (only),  tantum,   modo, 

solum. 
buy,  emere. 
by,  ab,  d,  w.  Abl. 


VOCABULARY. — ENGLISH-LATIN. 


201 


Caesar,  Caesar,  is, 

call,  vocdre ;  call  on.  invocdre  ;  call 

out,  cvocdre ;  call  together,  con- 

vocdre. 
can  (I),  jiossum,  145. 
Canius,  Canius,  l. 
care,  cum,  ae. 
careful,  d'lligms,  iis» 
careless,  incautu.%  a,  um. 
caresses,  hlanditiae,  drum,  pi. 
carpenter,  faber,  br'i. 
carry,  ferre,    150,  portdre;   carry 

away,  aiiferre,  asportdre ;  carry 

on,  gererc,  115;  carry  out,  exse- 

qu'i,  136,  3. 
Carthage,  Carthdgd,  inis. 
cat,  files,  is,  f. 
catch,  capere ;  catch  sight  of,  cun- 

spicere,  113,  Exc. 
cavalry,  equitis,  um,  pi. 
cave,  speci/s,  t'ls;  spilunca,  ae. 
certain  (one),  qu'tdam. 
chance,  occdsid,  onis,  f. 
change  to,  mdtdre.  [um. 

charming,  dulcis,  e;  jiicundus,   a, 
chastise,  castigdre. 
chesit,  fniudd re,  fallere,  115.      [pi. 
children  (of  parents),  liberi,  drum, 
Cicero,  Cicero,  onis. 
citizen,  c'lvis,  is,  c. 
city,  nrbs,  is,  f. 
clamor,  cldmor,  oris,  m. 

tT'  \^'^'-'^'- 

cock,  gallus,  I. 

cold  (adj.),  fr'igidus,  a,  um. 

color,  color,  oris,  m. 

come,  venire,  120,  4  ;  come  up,  ac- 
cedere,  114,  2  ;  come  back,  re- 
dire,  149;  come  down,  dcscen- 
dere,  114,  1  ;  come  together,  con- 
venire. 

comfort,  commodum,  i. 

compassion,  misericordia,  ae. 

complaint,  querela,  ae, 

conceive,  coneipere,  112,  1. 

confide,  cdnftdere  (w,  Abl.  and 
Dili.),  fisus  sum. 

conquer,  vincerc,  113,  auperdre. 
9» 


consul,  CO  nay  I,  is. 
consult,  consultare. 
corpse,  cad  liver,  is,  n. 
country,  terra,  ae ;  (native  land) 
patna,  ae;  (opposed  to  town)  rus, 
rdris ;  (district)  regio,  onis,  f. 
countryman,  riisticus,  i. 
cow,  vacca,  ae. 
crack,  rlma,  ae. 
cradle,  cimae,  drum,  pi. 
crane,  griis,  gruis,  f. 
cross  over,  irdnslre,  1^9 jtrdjicere, 

113. 
cruel,  crudilis,  e.  [mare. 

cry    to,   cry   out,    cldmdre,    excla- 
cuckoo,  ci'cdlus,  I. 
cunning,  callidiis,  a,  um, 
j  cup,  poculum,  I. 


),  o 

,(!e 


cut  (lell),  caedere,  115. 


Dance,  saltdre. 

danger,  periculum,  I. 

dare,  audere ;  Perf.,  ausus  sum. 

Darius,  Ddrhis,  i. 

daughter,  fdia,  ne. 

day  (opposed  to  night), e?i€«,  diel,  c. ; 

(opp.  to  darkness),  liix,  h'icis,  f. 
dead,  moriuus,  i;   dead  body,  ca- 

ddver,  is,  n. 
deal  (blows),,  infllgere,  113,  2. 
dear,  cdrus,  a,  um. 
death,  mors,  lis,  f.  [112,  1. 

deceive,    fallere,    115  ;    dlcipere, 
deep,  alius,    a,    um;  profundus, 

a,  um. 
defend,  defendere,  114,  1. 
defile,  focddre. 


I  deliver  (free),  llberdre. 

demand  to,  posiuldre,  flagilare.  ■ 

deny,  negdre.  [dere,  114,  2. 

depart,  profidscl,    136,   3  ;    disce- 

deprive,  prlvare. 

despair,  to  be  in  despair,  desperdre. 

destroy,  dilere. 

determine,  constituere,  115. 

devour,  dlvordre. 

die,  morl,  moriuus  sum. 

difficult,  difficilis,  e. 

dine,  cindre. 
i  dinner,  ce?ia,  ae. 
:  displease,  displicere  (with  Dat.), 


202 


LATIiT    PRIMER. 


distance  at  a,  procul. 

divide,  dividere,  114,  Exc. 

do,  agere,  facere,  113;  do  wrong, 

peccdre. 
dog,  canis,  is,  c. 
donkey,  asinus,  I. 
door,  osWmi,  I ;  jfmna,  ae. 
down  (from »,  de  (w.  Abl ). 
dragon,  draco,  inis,  m. 
draw,  Irahere,  113,  3;  dvcere,  113, 

2  ;  (water)  haurlre,  120,  4  ;  draw 

out,  extrahere. 
drinking-cup,/>ocw7?<m,  i. 
drive  away,  off,  pellere,  115 ;  ahi- 

gere,  113  ;  drive  out,  expellere. 
driver,  aur'uja,  ae. 
drown,  suffocare. 
duty,  offi,cium,  %. 


Each,  quisque  ;  (of  two)  uterque; 

(one  at  a  time)  singuli. 
ear,  auris,  is,  i. 
early  (in  the  morning),  mane. 
earth;  terra,  ae. 
easy,  fac His,  e;  axiy.,  facile. 
Egypt,  Aegrjptus,  I,  t 
either — or,  aut—aut. 
elder,  major  {riatu). 
eldest,  maximus  {natu). 
endeavor,  operam  dare,  115. 
endure,  toUrare,  perferre,  150. 
enemy  (public),  hostis,  is,   c,  ;  (in 

heart),  inim'icus,  I. 
enter,    intrdre,    inire,   149 ;    enter 

on,  ingredi  (w.  Ace.),  136,3. 
envy,  feel  envy,  invidere  (w.  Dat.), 

120,  2. 
Epirus,  Spirus,  I,  t. 
equal,  adj.,  par,  paris. 
err,  err  are. 

error,  error,  oris,  m.  [2. 

escape,  effugere,  113,  eviXdere,  114, 
every,  omnis,  e;  every  day,  quoti- 

die;  everything,  omnia. 
evil,  malus,  a,  um;  subst. ,  malum,  1. 
excel,  excellere,  ut,  sum  (w.  Dat.). 
exclaim,  excldmare. 
exclude,  excluder e,  114,  2. 
extol,  praedicdre. 
extract,  extrahere,  113,  3. 


Fagot,  fascis,  is,  m. 

faithiul,  fid cHs,  e. 

fall,  cadere,  115. 

famous,  cldrus,  a,  um. 

farewell,  vale,  pi.  vaUte. 

farmer,  agricola,  ae. 

father,  pater,  iris ;  fathers  (ances- 
tors), major es,  pi. 

fatigue,  fatigdre. 

fear,  metus,  ii.s,  m.  ;  timer,  oris,  m. 

fear  to,  timere,  metuere,  115.      [pi. 

feast,  convlvium,  i;  epulae,  drum, 

feather,  penna,  ae. 

feed  to  (act),  pascere,pdvi,  pastum; 
(intrans),  pasci,  vescl,  136,  3, 

feel,  sent  ire,  120,  4. 

fellow,  homo,  inis. 

fidelity,  fides,  el,  f. 

field,  ager,  agrl. 

fight  to,  pugndre. 

filch,  surripere,  112,  1. 

first,  primus,  a,  um. 

fit,  apttis,  a,  nm  ;  iduneus,  a,  um. 

flatter,  bland irl  (w.  Dat.). 

flatterer,  assentdtor.  Oris. 

flee,  flee  from,  ftigere,  113. 

fleet,  classis,  is,  f. 

flesh,  card,  car  his,  t. 

flight,  put  to,  fugdre. 

flog,  verberdre. 

flower,  fids,  oris,  m. 

fly,  musca,  ae. 

fly  to,  voldre ;  fly  away,  dvoldre. 

fondle,  demulcere,  mulsl,  mulsum. 

food,  cibns,  't. 

fool  (subst.),  fatuus,  I,  stidtus,  I. 

fool  to,  hidijicdrl,  liidere,  114,  2. 

foolish,  stultus,  a,  um. 

foot,  pes,  pedis,  m. 

foot-soldier,  jp^f/es,  itis. 

for,  enim,  (postpositive),  nam. 

force,  cngere,  113,  1. 

forest,  silva,  ae.  [Dat.). 

forgive,  ignoscere,  novl,  notum  (w. 

fortune, /or/ rma,  ae. 

found,  condere,  115. 

fountain,  fons,  tis,  m. 

four,  quattuor. 

fox,  vulp'es,  is,  f . ,  vulpecula,  ae, 

free  to,  set  free,  liberdre. 

friend,  amicus,  I. 


VOCABULAKY. — ENGLISH-LATIN. 


203 


frighten,  terrire,  perterrere. 

frog,  rana,  ae. 

from,  u  (ab),  de,  e  {ex),  w.  Abl, 

G. 

Gate,  porta,  ae. 

Gaul,  Gallia,  ae. 

general,  imperator,  Oris. 

gift,  donum,  i. 

girl,  prtella,  ae. 

give,  dare,  115;  dmdre,praebere; 

give  way.  ccdere,  114,  2  (w.  Dat.). 
glad,  laefiis,  a,  um. 
gnat,  cule.r,  ids,  m,  [2 ;  ahlre, 

go,  'ire,  149 ;  go  off,  discedere,  114. 
goat  (she),  capella,  ae. 
God,  f/ews.  'i. 
goddess,  dea,  ae. 
golden,  aureus,  a,  um. 
goldfinch,  acantlds,  idis,  f. 
good,  bonus,  a,  um  ;  probus,  a,  um. 
good,   lo   do  good  to,  prOsw^i  (w. 

Dat.). 
goose,  (tnser,  is,  m. 
grant,  ronccdere,  114,  2. 
grateful,  r/ratus,  a,  um. 
great,  maijnus,  a,  um,  ingens,  lis; 

greatest,  maximus;  so  great,  tan- 

ius. 
Greece,  Graecia,  ae. 
Greek,  Graecus,  a,  um.  \humi. 

ground,  humus  i,  f.,  on  the  ground, 
guard  to,  custOdire. 
guest,  conviva,  ae,  c. 

H. 

Hand,  manus,  its,  i. 

hand  down,  tradere,  115. 

hang  (act.),   suspendere,  115  j   (in- 

irans.). pendire,  120,  2. 
happy,  filix,  Icis  ;  bedtus,  a,  um. 
harbor,  portus,  us. 
hard  (diflficnlt).  difficilis,  e. 
hare^  leptis,  oris,  m. 
harmony,  concordia,  ae. 
hasten,  feat  tit  are,  properdre. 
haughty,  superbus,  a,  um. 
have,  habere. 
hawk,  accipiter,  iris,  m. 
head,  caput.  His,  n. 
health,  valetudo,  inis,  f. 


hear,  audlre. 

heavy,  gravis,  e. 

help,  auxilium,   I;    come  to  help, 

auxilio  ve?i'tre,  subven'trc,  120,  4. 
help  to,  Juvdre,  adjuvdre  (w.  Ace). 
Hercules,  Ilerculls,  is. 
high,    alius,    a,    um ;    high   seas, 

allum,  I.  [bire. 

hold,  lenere,  habere;  hold  out,  y^roe- 
home,    domus,    its,    f.  ;    at    home, 

doml;    from    h.,    domo;    home, 

domum. 
Homer,  Ilomerus,  I. 
honest,  probus,  a,  um. 
hope,  spi'S,  el,  i. 
hope  to,  sperdre. 
horn,  cornu,  us,  n. 
horse,  equus,  I. 
horseman,  eques,  itis. 
hour,  h<)i-a,  ae. 
house,  domus,  us,  f. 
how,  qui.  qutimodo,  quam,  ut. 
human,  hiimdnus,  a,  um. 
himger,  famis,  is,  f. 
hunter,  vincitor,  Oris. 

SIS;  to  be,    [  ""-^^^  (w.  Dat.). 
husband,  vir,  i. 


I,  ego. 
if,  si. 

ignorant  to  be,  nescire, 
Uium,  Ilium,  l. 
imitate,  imitt'irl. 
immense,  immtnsus,  a,  um, 
immediately,  stalim. 
impudent,  impudins,  lis. 
in  (prep.),  in,  with  Abl. 
India,  India,  ae. 
injure,  nocere  (w.  Dat.). 
insert,  Inserere,  serul,  sertum. 
into  (prep.),  in,  w.  Ace. 
invoke,  invocOre. 
Iphigenia,  Tphigen'ia,  ae. 
island,  iw.sw/a,  ae. 
Italy,  Italia,  ae. 


Jackdaw,  gracidus,  ?. 
join,  jungere,  113,  2  ;  join  battle, 
proelium  committere,  114,  2. 


204 


LATJK    PKIMER. 


joy,  gaudium,  i. 
judge  (subst.),  judex,  ids. 
judge  to,  judicdre. 
Juno,  Jiino,  onis. 
Jupiter,  Juppifer,  Jovis. 
just,  Justus,  a,  urn. 


Keen,  deer,  dcris,  acre. 

keep,  5er««re,  custOdire;  keep  from, 

away,  prohibtre. 
keeper,  custvs,  vdis,  c. 
kid,  capella,  ac. 
kill  to,  interficere,  113,  1,  occldere, 

115,  exanimdre,  need  re. 
kind  (subst.),  genus,  eris,  n,     \um. 
kind,  henevolus,  a,  um,  be/ngnus,  a, 
Jdng,  rex,  regis. 
kingdom,  regnum,  ^. 
knock  (at),  2}ulsare. 
know,   scire   (of  things)  ;    noscere, 

cognvseere,    115;    not  to    know, 

igni/rdre,  nesc'ire. 


L. 

Labor,  labor,  Oi'is,  m. 
Lacedaemonian,  Laco,  onis.      [ae. 
land,  terra,  ae;  (native land) j9a/r/«, 
language,  se7'mo,  onis,  m. 
lantern,  lucerna,  ae.  [mdgnus. 

large,  mdg7ius,  a,  urn;  very  1.,  per- 
late  (too),  serf). 

laugh  to,  laugh  at,  r'tdire  (w.  Ace). 
lay,   lay  down,  pmere.    dtponere, 

115. 
laziness,  pigritia,  ae.  [urn. 

lazy,  piger,  gra,  grum,  Igndtius,  a, 
lead  to,  diicere,  agere,  113. 
leap,  leaping  (subst),  saltus,  us. 
leap  to,  salt  are. 
learn,  discere,  115. 
leave,  relinquere,  113,  1. 
leg,  eras,  cruris,  n. 
lend,  praebere. 
length  (at),  tandem. 
liberty,  Ubertds,  dtis,  f. 
lick,  lambere. 
lie  to,  jacere;  lie  back  (recline),  re- 

cumbere,  120,  3. 
lie,  to  tell  a,  meniir'i. 
life,  v'da,  ae. 


like  (adj.),  similis,  e. 

lion  J  leu,  da  is,  ni. 

listeuj  auscultdre. 

little,  parvus,   a,  um ;  poor  little, 

parvulus,  a,  um. 
live,  v'lvere,  113,3;  (dwell),  habiture. 
living  (alive),  vwus,  a,  um. 
load,  onus,  eris,  n. 
lofty,  excelsus,  a,  um,  alius,  a,  um. 
log,  lignum,  I. 
long  (adj.),  longus,  a,  um. 
long  (adv.),  a  long  time,  diu. 
lose,  dmiitere,  114,  2,perdere,  115. 
loud,  cldrus,  a,  um. 
love  to,  amdre,  d'digere,  113,  Exc. 
lying,  menddx,  dcis. 

M. 

Magistrate,  magistrdtus,  us. 
magnificent,  mdgnificus,  a,,  um.  ■ 
maid,  virgd,  inis,  puella,  ae  ;  maid 

(servant),  ancilla,  ae. 
make,  facere,  113,  credre. 
man,  homo,  inis  (human  being),  c. ; 

vir,  I  (opp,  to  woman). 
mangle,  dUanidre. 
many,  multl ;  very-many,  pluriml. 
market-place,  forum,  i. 
marry  to,  {uxor em)  diicere,  113,  2 

(of  the  man) ;  vird  niibere,  112,  3 

(of  the  woman), 
marsh,  jy«^ws,  udis,  f. 
master,  dorninus,  7,  erus,  i;  magi- 

ster,  trl  (teacher). 
maul,  mulcdre. 
meado-w,  prdtum,  i. 
memory,  memoria,  ae. 
mention,  mentid,  dnis,  f. 
mind,  animus,  l;  mens,  lis,  f. 
mindful,  ?nemor,  oris. 
mine,  meus,  a,  um. 
miserable,  mise?',  a,  um, 
misery,  miseria,  ae. 
money,  pec dmia,  ae. 
monkey,  slmius,  I. 
most  (adv.),  maxime. 
mother,  mater,  Iris. 
mouse,  mils,  muris,  ra.  ;    little  m., 

mdsculus,  h 
mouth,  OS,  dris,  n. 
move,  movere,  120,  2  ;  move  up, 

admovire. 


yOCABULARY. — ENGLISH-LATIN'. 


205 


much  (adj.),  muUua,  a,  um  ;  (adv.), 
mill/ urn  ;  so  much  (adv.),  adeo. 

murder,  interjicere,  113,  1,  juyu- 
Idre. 

my,  mens,  a,  um. 


N. 

Naked,  fifidus,  a,  um. 

name,  mmen,  inis,  n. 

nation,  ndHo,  onis,  f. 

native-land,  pairia,  ae. 

necessity,  necessitds,  dtis,  f. 

Nero,  JVcrO,  Dnis. 

never,  nunqnam. 

new,  iiovus,  a,  um. 

news,  7iantius,  I. 

nightingale,  luscinia,  ae. 

no,  no  one  (adj.),  nullus,  a,  um 

(subst.),  nemo,  inis. 
nobody,  nimd,  mis. 
noise,  sonns,  I. 
none,  nullus,  a,  um  (85). 
nose,  ndsns,  us. 
not,  7ifm  ;  not  at  all,  iiihil. 
nothing,  nihil. 
now,  nunc,  jam. 
number,  numerus,  I. 


O. 

Obey,  oboedlre,  pdrire  (w.  Dat.). 

often,  saepe. 

old,  veins,  eria  ;  afit'iquns,  a,  um  ; 

older,  major  ndtd  ;  oldest,  inaxi- 

mus  ndtd. 
old  age,  senectda,  litis,  i. 
old  man,  senex,  is. 
on  account  of,  propter,  w.  Ace. 
on  (prep.),  in  (w.  Abl.).  *. 

once  upon  a  time,  ulim,  aliquando. 
one,  anus,  a,  um,  85. 
only,    sUus  (85),    iinicus,   a,  um ; 

(adv.),  tanium,  modo,  solum, 
or,  aut,  vel. 
orator,  orator,  oris. 
order,  ordd,  inis,  m.  ;  (command) 

imperium,  l,jussum,  1. 
order  to,    imperdre,    w.  Dat.,  ju- 

bi're.  w.  Ace.,  120,2. 
other,  alius ;  (of  two)  alter  (85). 
ought  (1),  dibire. 


our,  ndster,  tra,  trum;  our  (men, 
people),  ndstrl,  drum.  [1, 

overcome,  superdre.,  vincere,   113, 
owe,  dibire. 
own,  SUUS,  a,  ujh. 


Pain,  dolor,  di-is,  m. 

pardon,  'tynoscere,  ndvl,  ndtum,  (w. 

Dat.)  venium  dare,  115. 
parent,  parins,  tis,  c. 
part  (subst.),  pais,  tis,  f. 
partnership,  societds,  dtis,  f. 
path,  via,  ae. 
peace,  pdx,  pdcis,  i. 
peacock^  pdvd.  Onis,  m. 
peasant,  agricola,  ae,  rusticus,  I. 
pelt,  petere,  120,  3. 
people,  hominis,  um. 
perceive,  iutellegere,  113,  Exc.,an- 

imadvertere,   114,   Exc,   sent'ire, 

120,  4. 
perform,   j^erjicere,   cinjicere,   113, 

patrdre,  praestdre,  115. 
perhaps,  fortasse. 
perish,  per'ire,  149. 
person,  homd,  inis,  c. 
persuade,  persuddire,  120,  2. 
philosopher,  pJiilosophus,  I. 
Phrixus,  Phiixus,  t. 
Phylax,  Phylax,  dcis. 
picture,  pictura,  ae,  tabula  (picta), 

imdgd,  inis,  t. 
pierce  to,  perfordre. 
plan,  Consilium,  i. 
play  to,  ludere,  114,  2. 
please,  placij'e  (w.  Dat.). 
plunge,  dimergere,  113,  2. 
poem,  carmen,  inis,  n. 
poet,  po'da,  ae,  c. 
poison,  veninum,  I. 
pollute,  focddre. 
poor  (needy),  pauper,  is,  inops,  is; 

(wretched),  miser,  a,  um,  (often 

by  diminutive)  poor  old,  vetulus, 

a,  um;  poor  little,  parvulus,  a, 

um. 
poverty,  inopia,  ae. 
praise,  laiis,  dis,  t. 
praise  to,  lauddre. 
precept,  pi  aeceptum,  i, 
preserve,  servdre. 


206 


LATIN^    PRIMER. 


press  to,  premere,  115. 
prince,  princeps,  is. 
proclaim,  praedicare. 
promise  {suhst. ),  prdmissum,  i. 
promise    to,    promiitere,     114,    2, 

pollicei'i,  136,  2. 
propose  J  pi'oponere,  115. 
protect,    iuerl,    136,   2,  prOtegere, 

113,  Exc. 
punishment,  poena,  ae. 
puppy,  catulus,  i.  [Gen. 

purpose,    for  the  p.   of,  causa,  w. 
put,  pmere,  115 ;  put  on,  imponere; 

put  to  flight,  fngare. 
Pyrrhus,  Pyrrhus,  I. 


Quarrel,  rixarl. 

queen,  reglna,  ae.  [quiunt. 

quoth   (he),   inquit ;  say  they,  in- 

R. 

Race,  genus,  eris,  n. 

raise,  tollere,  115.  [tare. 

read  to,  legere,   113  j  (aloud)  reci- 

readily,  facile. 

receive,    accipere,    112,   1  ;    (as  a 

guest),  excipere. 
reconcile,  reconcilidre. 
refresh,  recreare. 
refuse,  recusare. 
region,  regio,  vnis,  t. 
rejoin,  subj'iciu,  113,  1. 
relieve  to,  levare. 
remember,  memoria  tenere,  tenere. 
reply,  respondere,  120,  2. 
restore,  resHtuere,  115  j  (harmony) 

reconcilidre. 
return   (give    back),  reddere,    115, 

restituere,  115  ;   (go,  come  back), 

redlre,  149  ;  return  thanks,  grd- 

tids  agere,  113,  1. 
revile,  vitvperdre. 
reward  (subst.),  praemium^  I. 
Rhodes,  Rhodus,  1,  f. 
Rhodian,  Rkodius,  a,  um. 
rich,  dives,  itis. 
river,  fluvius,  I. 
road,  via,  ae. 
rohher,  praedo,  mis. 
Roman,  Romdnus,  a,  um. 


run  to,  currere,  115  j  fugerCj  113, 
1  ;  to  run  up,  accurrere,  run 
away,  effugere. 

runaway,  fugitivus,  a,  um. 


S. 

Sacrifice,  immoldre. 

sad,  iristis,  e,  inaestus,  a,  um. 

safe,  ti:itus,  a,  um. 

sage,  sapiensy  ntis,  m. 

sailor,  nauta,  ae,  m. 

Sallust,  SallusHus,  I. 

same,  Idem,  eadem,  idem. 

saucy,  petuldns,  lis.  [um. 

savage  (adj.),  alrdx,  ocis;  ferus,  a, 

save,  servdre.  [over,  dicHtdre. 

say,  dlcere,   113,  2  ;  say  over  and 

scholar,  discipulus,  I. 

school,  schola,  ae. 

Scipio,  Sc'ipio,  onis. 

scold  to,  vituperdre. 

scratch  (up),  rddere,  114,  2. 

Scythia,  Scythia,  ae. 

Scythian,  Scytha,  ae,  e. 

sea,  7nare,   is,   n.  ;    seaside,    lltus 

maris  ;  high  sea,  altum  7nare. 
seek,  quaerere,  pefere,  120,  3. 
see,  videre,   120,  2;  (visit)  vlsiture. 
seem,  viderl,  136,  2. 
seize,  corripere,  112,  1. 
Seneca,  Seneca,  ae. 
send,  mittere,  114,  2. 
serpent,  serpens,  lis,  c. 
servant,  serviis,  I,  famulus,  I 
set,  pdiiere,  115;  set  free,  liberdre. 
set  out,  proficiscl,  136,  3. 
shameless,  impudens,  Us. 
sheep,  oris,  is,  f. 
shepherd,  pastor,  oris. 
ship,  ndvis,  is,  f . 
shipwreck,  naufragium,  I. 
shore,  I'dus,  oris,  n. 
shoulder,  umerus,  1. 
shout,  cldmdre.  [1. 

show  to,  ■md7isfrdre,ostendere,  114, 
sick,  aeger,  gra,  grum,  aegrbtus,  a, 

um.  [Us,  t. 

side,   latus,  eris,  n. ;  (party),  pars, 
silly,  msulsus,  a,  um. 
singing,  cantus,  lis. 
sister,  soror,  oris. 
size,  7ndgniiuddf  inis^. 


VOCABULARY. — ENGLISH-LATIN. 


207 


slave,  servus,  i. 

slave,   be  a  slave  to,    servire    (w. 

Dat). 
sleep  to,  dorm'ire. 
slender,  gracilis,  e. 
sly,  callidus,  a,  um.  \\im. 

small,  parvus,  a,  um,  exiguus,    a, 
snake,  serplns,   iis,  c,  anguis,  is, 

c,  coluber,  brl,  m. 
snare,  laqueus,  I. 
so,  ita,  sic. 

so  much,  tantus,  n,  um. 
so  that,  ut,  w.  Subj. 
soldier,  m'lles.  His.  [See  129. 

some,  aliquis,   quidam;    nomiulll. 
son,  filius,  I. 
son-in-law,  gener,  I. 
song  (singing),  cantus,  vs ;  (poem) 

ca77)ien,  inis,  n. 
soon,  bj-et%  cito. 

soothe,  permulcere,  muJsl,  mulsum. 
sour  (tempered),  rtwrOsus,  a,  um. 
spare,  parcere  (w.  Dat.),  115. 
sparrow,  jL>««&er,  is,  m. 
speak,  loqm,  136,  3,  dlcere,  113,  2. 
spectator,  spectator,  oris,  m. 
spider,  ardnea,  ae. 
splinter,  stirps,  is,  t. 
squabble  to,  rixarl. 
stab  to,  perfordre. 
stag,  cervus,  i. 
stand  to,  stare,  115. 
starling,  sturnus,  i. 
state  (commonwealth),  res  pithlica. 

Gen.,  rei  piiblicae. 
stick,  bac ilium,  I;  (log),  lignum,  I. 
stick  to,  haertre,  120,  2. 
stork,  cici'mia,  ae. 
storm,  tempestds,  dtis,  f. 
storm  to,  take  by  storm,  expugn&re. 
story,  fdbula,  ae. 
stranger,  hospes,  itis,  m. 
strong,  validus,  a,  um. 
BuSer,patl,  136,  3. 
suppliant  (adj.),  supplex,  ids. 
suppose^  put  are. 
surpassj  snperdre. 
surround  to,  cingere,  113,  2. 
suspicion,  susplciO,  imis,  i. 
swamp,  palus,  i/dis,  i. 
sweet,  dulcis,  e,  suads,  e. 
swift,  celer,  is,  e  ;  velOx,  ocis. 
swim,  nature. 


Take,  sumere,  115,  capere,  112,  1  ; 

take  away,  adimere,  tollere,  116; 

take  (captive),  capere. 
teach,  doc  t re. 

teacher,  magisler,  irl.  [113,  2. 

tell    (a    story),     narrare ;     dlcere. 
than,  quam.  [125. 

that,  is,    ille,    iste.     See   124    and 
that,  so  that,  in  order  that,  ut,  w. 

Subj. 
then,  turn. 
thief,  fur,  furis. 

thing,  res,  rel.  [120,  4. 

think,    putdre,    judicdre,    seiiiirey 
this,  hie,  125. 
Thracian,  Thrax,  dcis. 
throat,  guitur,  is,  n. 
throne,  rlgnum,  I. 
through,  per  (w.  Ace.). 
throw,  jacere,  113, 1  ;  throw  down, 

dijicere. 
thy,  tuns,  a,  um. 
tie  to,  annectere,  113,  2, 
time,  tempys,  oris,  n. 
timid,  timidus,  a,  um, 
to,  ad,  in  (w.  Ace). 
toil  (subst.),  labor,  oris,  m, 
toil  to,  labCtrare. 
toils  (snare),  laquel,  drum,  pi. 
tongue,  lingua,  ae. 
too-much,  nimius,   a,  um;  (adv.) 

nimium,  nimis. 
tooth,  dins,  lis,  ni.  [cidre. 

torture,  torquere,  157,2.  Exc,  cru- 
louch  to,  tangere,  115,  attingere, 
tower,  turris,  is,  t 
traveller,  vidtor,  oris. 
treasure,  thesaurus,  i. 
treaty,  foedus,  eris,  n. 
tree,  atvor,  oris,  i, 
tribe,  geiis,  tis,  f. 
troublesome,  rnolestus,  a,  um. 
Troy,  Trif^'a,  ae. 
try,  tentdre,  cOndrl. 
turn,  vertere,  114,  Exc;  (change) 

mutdre;  turn  over,  evertere. 
two,  duo,  duae,  duo,  140. 


Unburied,  inhumdtus,  a,  um. 


208 


LATIK    PRIMER. 


undertake,  suscipere,   112,   1,   su- 

mere,  115. 
unfortunate,  infclix,  ids. 
unhsi^PYjlnfelix,  icis. 
unwilling  to  be,  7idUe,  152. 
urge,  suddere,  120,  2. 
useful,  ntilis,  e  ;  very  useful,  perii- 

tilis,  e. 

V. 

Vain,  vdnus,  a,  urn ;  in  vain,  fru- 

stm. 
victory,  victoria,  ae. 
vigorously,  acriter. 
violent,  vehemins,  lis. 
virgin,  virgo,  inis,  f. 
voice,  viix,  vocis,  f. 
vow,  vovere,  120, 3. 
vultiure,  vuliur,  is,  m, 

W. 

Wait  (for),  exspedare. 

walk  to,  amhuldre. 

wall,   miirus;  (of  a  city)  moenia, 

mil,  pi. 
want  (subst.),  inopia,  ae. 
war,  bellum,  I. 
warn,  monere,  adtnonere. 
water,  aqua,  ae. 
we,  nos. 

weary  to,  faflgdre. 
weary  (adj.),  fessus,  a,  um,  fatl- 

gdtus,  a,  um. 
weep,  lacrimdre,  flere. 
weigh  down  to,  gravdre.  [bene. 

well  (adj.),  sdiius,  a,  um;  (adv.], 
when,    cum  ;    (interrog.)>  quandd. 
whence,  unde. 
whether,  num.  131. 
which  (rel.  and  interrog.),  qui;  (of 

the  two),  uter. 


while,  a  little  w., pauUsper. 

while  (conj.),  dum. 

who  (rel.),  qui;  (interrog.),  quia 
(subst.),    ^-/a  (adj.). 

whole,  totus,  a,  um,  85;  whole- 
world,  orbis  terrdrum. 

why?  cur  ? 

wicked,  malus,  a,  um,  improbus, 
a,  um. 

wife,  uxor,  oris.  \fera,  ae. 

wild,  ferus,   a,   um  ;    wild  beast, 

willingly,  libenter. 

wine,  vlnum,  I. 

winter.  Hems  (hiemps),  hiemis,  f. 

vriHe,sapi(7is,  tis,prudens,  lis.     [3. 

wish  to,  velle,  optare,  cupere,  120, 

wolf,  lupus,  I. 

woman,  mulier,  is  ;  femina,  ae. 

wood  (forest),  silva,  ae ;  (log),  li- 
gnum, I. 

wooden,  llgneus,  a,  um. 

work,  opus,  ens,  n. 

world,  mundus,  I;  orbis  terrdrum. 

worn  out,  confectus,  a,  um. 

would  that,  utiaam.,  92,  3. 

wound  (subst.),  vuluus,  eris,  n. 

wound  to,  vulnerdre. 

wretched,  miser,  a,  um. 

write,  scr'ibere,  112,  3  ;  write  in, 
Inscrlbere  in. 

wrong,  do  w. ,  peccdre. 


Year,  annus,  I. 

yield  to,  cedere  (w.  Dat.).  114,  3. 
you,  vos.  [minimus  ndlu. 

younger,   minor  ndtii;    youngest, 
youth  (young  man),  juve?iis,   is; 
(period  of  life),  juvenilis,  idis,  f . 


■^ 


NOTE  TO  TEACHERS. 

The  classification  of  declensions  according  to  stem-characteristics  is 
the  only  scientific  method,  and  is  destined  to  displace  the  old  plan,  even 
in  elementary  books.  In  dictionaries  and  vocabularies  the  declensions 
may  still  be  designated  by  -ae  for  the  First,  -i  for  the  Second,  -is  for  the 
Third,  -us  for  the  Fourth,  -ei  for  the  Fifth,  and  to  this  extent  the  tradi- 
tion has  been  followed  in  the  present  series.  But  this  rough  method 
of  recognizing  declensions  cannot  be  used  for  exhibiting  the  formation 
without  serious  damage,  practical  as  well  as  scientific. 

I.  The  Genitive  of  the  First  Declension  ends  in  -ae. 

The  stem  ends  in  a,  the  genitive  in  -e,  which  stands  for  an  earlier  i. 
So  in  old  Ijatin  :  Albai  Longai  =  Albae  Longae.  Compare  the  Greek 
First  Declension  (A-  Declension).  The  stem,  then,  is  not  mens-  but 
mensa-. 

II.  The  Genitive  of  the  Second  Declension  ends  in  -i. 

O  has  been  dropped  before  i.  The  stem  is  not  hort-,  but  horto-.  So 
in  the  Nominative  in  older  Latin  :  serv6-s.  Compare  the  Greek  Second 
Declension  (0-  Declension),  X6yo-<i. 

III.  The  Genitive  of  the  Third  Declension  ends  in  -is. 

This  rule  breaks  down  in  the  vowel  stems  in  i,  for  the  stem  of  coIHs 
is  not  coll-  but  colli-. 

IV.  The  Genitive  of  the  Fourth  Declension  ends  in  -iis. 

The  stem  is  not  fruct-,  but  fructu-j  uis  being  contracted  into  iis. 
Observe  the  obscuration  of  the  connection  with  the  Third  Declension. 

V.  The  Genitive  of  the  Fifth  Declension  ends  in  -ei. 

But  ei  does  not  determine  the  declension  unless  the  Nominative  is 
stated,  as  rei  may  come  from  stem  reo-  (Nom.  reus),  as  well  as  from  stem 
re-  (Nom.  res),  to  say  nothing  of  such  figments  as  r-ei,  sp-ei. 

From  such  considerations  it  would  appear  that  the  true  way  is,  after  all, 
the  short  way,  or,  to  adapt  a  familiar  line, 

dxXovi  6  ^v^o<9  TTJi  dXrf^eiai  e(pv, 

B.  L.  G. 


^>v 


>% 


ONE  MONTH  USE 

PLEASE  RETURN  TO  DESK 
FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

EDUCATION-PSYCHOLOGY 
LIBRARY 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 

1 -month  loans  may  be  renewed  by  calling  642-4209 

Renewals  and  recharges  may  be  made  4  days  prior 

to  due  date. 

ALL  BOOKS  ARE  SUBJECT  TO  RECALL  7  DAYS 

AFTER  DATE  CHECKED  OUT. 


^ 


•Si 


mra 


1Q~--> 


^ 


LD  21A-30m-5,'75 
(S5877L) 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


-^cc 


7 


(X^ 


a 


■J- 


(^.  ^    /ii^Lr^ 


^ 


ta/uc 


^1      'i/ 


c     ^^' 


^ 


M 


^  f 


